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Sample Sports Paper on Marketing Research Problem

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carescorp.com
Monday, 30 May 2022 / Published in Sports

Sports Marketing Research Problem

 

Sports Marketing Problem: Fans Engagement in violence during Live Matches


Introduction
Sports occupy an integral part in the process of human development as it acts as a strong factor that strengthens the society’s fabric. This is because it often instils the concept of social integration by promoting participation thus making participants have a valuable contribution towards their democratic process. Sports enhance the comprehension between different groups of people and from different countries with diverse cultural backgrounds as it brings about economic benefits at all the levels (local, regional and national).

In the United States, experts in the sports industry have established that there have been massive growth and rapid changes in the sports sector due to the growth in technology. This has led to increased commercialization of sports, increased interests among participants and even the revenue generated from the industry hit $25.4 billion on an annual basis. The growth rate has been estimated at 6.4% per year for the last five years (Blumstein and Benedict 1999). In addition to this, the industry has weathered the tough financial crises that have threatened its operations. Nonetheless, all these trends of achievements are being threatened by the culture of football hooliganism in the pitches during matches and sports violence that is rapidly growing (Snow 2012) . This paper seeks to evaluate in depth the sports problem of football fans engagement in violence during matches on the pitch.

The structure the report
This report is divided into four major sections. The introduction gives an overview of the sports industry in the United States and the impending challenge of sports violence. The second part is the literature review which highlights the various studies that have been previously conducted in this line. The methodology section portrays the various methods used to collect data and do the analysis of the findings in the study. The results section provides a platform for further discussion of the research findings from the interviews conducted while the conclusion gives a brief summary of all the parts discussed.

The sport marketing problem
The football game has been regarded as the most popular across the globe from the late 19th century especially originating from Europe. The game has become global that it cuts across various countries, the United States included and across cultures (Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research 2010). Today, it is estimated that about 250 million people are often directly involved as participants while another 1.4 billion participate indirectly as spectators and fans of various football teams. An average World Cup final is estimated to attract over 34 billion audience across the globe via television (Blumstein and Benedict 1999). With this development have come increased levels of commitments among the fans that are so enthusiastic that they are willing to do almost anything as a sign of solidarity for their teams, including violence on the pitch. There have been numerous cases of football violence among fans especially when their teams lose matches or when a player is injured. This has caused massive problems to the football game and the sports industry which is rapidly gaining the name of football hooliganism. There have been efforts to curb this challenge but the issue is still persistent (Giulianotti and Robertson 2004).

The historical context of the organisation / problem
As far again as the 1880s and 90s, packs of football supporters termed as “roughs” are thought to have brought about inconvenience, generally at nearby derby matches. Reasonable truly given that transport limitations made setting out to away diversions essentially a no-go region (Council of Europe 2003). In 1885, one of the first ever reported occasions of football roughness came when Preston North End’s invincible group vanquished Aston Villa in a well disposed match. After the amusement, both sides were pelted with stones, sticks and clench hands as they left the pitch. In spite of the fact that football hooliganism just got recognised by government and the media as a genuine issue in the 1960s, convict conduct at football has a long history. Roughs were customarily reported as bringing on inconvenience at matches in the expert amusements ahead of schedule years at the close of the nineteenth century (Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport 1999).

A few clubs which were cited in especially intense territories, have long records of observer tumult. In the amusement’s soonest days, neighbourhood derby matches regularly incited the most exceedingly terrible issues however, without going by fans, home roughs on events struck and stoned arbitrators and additionally the going by players, off and on again pursuing them away. The press around then appeared to be extremely ‘serene’ in its reporting of crook occurrences contrasted with tabloid scope of football roughness in the 1980s (Australian Government 2012). Between the wars, football by and large came to be more respectable and swarm issues lessened however did not vanish. It was not until the early 1960s, nonetheless, that the media scope of football started again normally to report hooliganism at matches.

Around this time, too, there was a general ‘ethical frenzy’ (Cohen, 1973) about the conduct of junior individuals, started by climbing adolescent wrongdoing rates, doubt about what’s to come, the rise of various “debilitating” national youth styles like that of the ‘teddy kid’, and racial pressures symbolised by the Notting Hill aggravations of 1958. In this atmosphere, football came to be progressively distinguished as a venue at which battles and different sorts of turmoil consistently happened. It was around this time, too, that football hooliganism in England started despite anything that might have happened before to tackle the more strong and organised angle that is a phenomenon.

Definition of terms
McGraw Hill (2007) defines the following terms as indicated in the table below.
Term Definition ViolenceViolence is the utilization of unnecessary physical energy, which causes or has evident potential to reason hurt or demolitionIntimidationThe statements, signals, and movements that undermine viciousness or hostility. Like hostility, intimidation is utilized to overwhelm or control an alternate individual.AggressionThe verbal or physical activities pounded in a goal to rule, control, or do damage to an alternate individual. Hostility is frequently included in brutality; however viciousness might happen accidentally or imprudently without combative aim. This definition permits us to recognize forceful activities from different movements that we may depict as self-assured, focused, or accomplishment turned. Case in point, an exceptionally focused individual may utilize brutality throughout a diversion without the plan to rule, control, or hurt others. Notwithstanding, there is frequently a contrast between being combative and basically being decisive or attempting earnestly to win or accomplish different objectives.

Research Questions
What are the major factors that promote the culture of violence in football as a sports problem?
What measures have been put in place previously to prevent cases of violence among fans on the pitch?
Which gender is more prone to prompt sport violence among the fans on the pitch?
What more should be done to end the culture of sports violence?
What are the impacts of sports violence?

Literature Review
Research conducted to date on the sport marketing problem
The game of football has been associated with violence since its origin in the 13th century back in England. Medieval football matches involved hundreds of players, characterized by pitched battles between the young men of rival villages and towns – often used as opportunities to settle old feuds, personal arguments and land disputes (Jewell, Moti and Coates 2011). The behaviour now known as football hooliganism originated in England in the early 1960s, and has been linked with the televising of matches and with the reclaiming of the game by the working classes. Other European nations embraced this type of the diversion, connected with Victorian values of a reasonable play and retrained eagerness. The football game then gained popularity and spread to other parts of the world including the US. Fans became enthusiastic about their teams and thus defended them strongly to the extent of being very aggressive and violent (Spaaij 2006).

Similarities and differences of the research literature
Certain similarities that emerged both within the literature review and the actual research is the fact that violence in among sport fans is an issue of concern in marketing sports, especially football. The factors or stakeholders to be blamed are also the same including the players, fans, football clubs and the referees. The difference is in the percentage rates and the statistical figure of these factors (Council of Europe 2003).

Strengths and weaknesses in the research literature acknowledged
Secondary research could be portrayed as the most generally utilized system for information accumulation in the process of research studies. Secondary research incorporates gathering data from already existing sources, for example organization sites, bookkeeping records, magazine articles and promoting research reports. It additionally incorporates any data assembled beforehand that is utilized by the researcher from other sources. This incorporates the relative simple entry to numerous wellsprings of secondary information. In the previous secondary information aggregation needed researchers to visit libraries, or hold up for reports to be sent via mail (Australian Government 2012).

Notwithstanding with the accessibility of online access, secondary research is all the more candidly gained entrance to. This offers comfort and for the most part institutionalized use techniques for all wellsprings of secondary research. The utilization of secondary information has permitted scientists access to significant data for practically zero cost to get. Thus, this data is substantially less exorbitant then if the researchers needed to complete the research themselves (UNICEF 2010).

The utilization of secondary research might help the specialist to elucidate the research process. Secondary research is regularly utilized preceding essential research to help clear up the research center. The utilization of secondary information gathering is regularly used to help arrange the information gathered. The essential factor in secondary research, the researcher may understand that the definite data they were looking to reveal is accessible through secondary sources. This would viably demotivated the zeal to complete essential research. As a rule, the originators of secondary research incorporate items of how the data was gathered. This may incorporate data specifying the methods utilized as a part of information gathering and troubles experienced in directing the essential research. Hence, the point by point challenges might convince the scientist to choose that the potential data got is not worth the potential troubles in directing the research. There are a few weaknesses to utilizing secondary research.

The originators of the essential research are to a great extent self-administered and regulated by the researcher. Hence, the secondary research utilized must be examined nearly since the beginnings of the data may be sketchy. In addition, the scientist needs to make sufficient moves to basically assess the legitimacy and unwavering quality of the data furnished. Much of the time, optional information is not introduced in a structure that precisely helps. Subsequently, the scientist needs to depend on secondary information that is displayed and characterized in a manner that is comparable to their requirements. As a rule, scientists find data that seems significant and guaranteeing.

The researcher may not get the full form of the research to increase the full esteem of the study (Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport 1999). This is on the grounds that numerous research suppliers offer free partitions of their research and afterward charge unreasonable expenses for their full reports. The point when utilizing secondary research, one must practice alert when utilizing dated data from the past. With organizations contending in quick evolving commercial enterprises, an out-of-date research reports numerous have practically zero significance to the present market situation (Humphreys 2008).

Methodology
The data collection method employed for the study
This quantitative research applied the use of interviews and questionnaires for data collection. (1995:01) defines an interview as the type of conversation that is purposeful in nature, and involves one party who is the interviewer asking questions to the other party who is the respondent. The interview methods helps in deriving certain information about a particular issue in the society, in this case the sports marketing problem of fans engaging in football violence on the pitch. The interview tool can further be expanded to operate with other research methodologies for further effectiveness.

They can either be structured or semi structured in nature. This study applied the semi structured type of interviews and the research assistants were free to question the respondents starting with the questions that they felt comfortable with. This provided an opportunity for an in-depth probing so as to get broader perspective of the questions asked (UNICEF 2010). The interviews were an effective research tool in this study because; they provided an opportunity to investigate the sport problem of football fans engaging in violence in an in-depth manner. They also helped the study in establishing how people think and feel regarding the issue of sports violence in line with their personal opinions. The interviews helped in decision making and in planning the resources during the study (Comeron 2002). They also helped in tackling the issue of hooliganism, which is often very sensitive among most people who often shy away from discussing. The interviews added the human dimension in this research study process. They also helped in understanding the statistical forms of data that had been gathered during the desk review.

Strengths and weaknesses of methods employed
As the major data collection method used, the interview posed both the advantages and disadvantages in this study, which are highly regarded as the strengths and the weaknesses. For the strengths, the interviews enabled the research assistants to; get access or obtain the most detailed information on the people’s feelings and personal opinions regarding football violence on the pitch among fans. The assistants were also able to ask more questions and attain a very high rate of response. The interviews were recorded for further transcription in this study thus a strong source for further confirmations and clarifications using the words of the respondents. Another benefit of this method in this research is that it made it easier for the research team to follow up on cases of ambiguity for clarifications through call backs. The questions were also designed with simple language that enabled the respondent to effectively give feedback. The respondents were also interviewed separately thus there was no external influence from other members of a group as would have been the case if Focus Group Discussions were used.

Nonetheless, there were weaknesses experienced with this research method of data collection. The interviews were time-consuming as they involved the process of setting them up, interviewing the respondents, transcribing process, analyzing the responses given, trying to figure out the feedback given in cases that were not clear and finally reporting the results. From a financial perspective, the interviews were very costly as the research assistants had to travel to various places gathering information (Kajornboon 2010). Printing the interview questions also added up to the financial costs. In some cases, it also caused variations as different interviewers had different understandings of the responses given and transcribed them differently. Nonetheless these were corrected using the recordings made that clarified the doubts.

The data analysis of the collected data
About 800 participants were randomly selected to participate in this study that was commissioned by the National Football League (NFL). Regarding how often the violent matches were likely to be experienced in the football leagues, over 60% mentioned that the violence were most probable in almost all the matches scheduled. More than one third of this number (35%) blamed the sport problem of fans engagement in violence on the various football clubs that have a culture of impunity. They argued that some players are often violent against their rivals and hurl abuses at each other hence provoking anger amongst the fans who take it out on their rivals also. In most cases, the violent players who discriminate others on basis of race in the teams during field matches are left without punishment. Another percentage (20%) blamed the committees of the fans for the violence claiming that such committees had failed to ensure proper management of the fans in the pitch through organized tickets distributions and preventing alcoholism on the pitch among spectators.

However, another 32% felt that it is the club officials of the various games that should be held responsible for the sport problem of fans engagement in violence on the pitch. 9% blamed the referees while 4% felt that the players were to be held responsible for the violence cases that erupt on the pitch. Asked on the various factors that prompt the violence during a football match, the respondents cited reasons such as; an intentional injury on their favourite players by members of a rival team, losing a crucial match to the opponents, being under the influence of alcohol that makes the fans generally aggressive and violent in nature and demonstration of biasness among referees towards an opposite team.

The limitations of the research method used
This sport market problem study used the quantitative research approach and design in gathering data. This presented several limitations in the process. To begin with, the structured data collection instruments of the interviews limited the ability to get other sensitive information. In this case, the research team coupled with observations to get the non-verbal reactions of the respondents (Kajornboon 2010). It was also very challenging to reach a wider number of respondents in line with this study, as the quantitative approach often involve a large number of the sample population. Another limitation was that some of the feedback received were inaccurate and in other cases, incomplete. This limitation was addressed through call backs to clarify the details with the respondents. The interview instruments could also not be adjusted once the study kicked off.

Results
The results from the study
The results from this study indicate that there is no match that can end without the fans and spectators getting involved in violence. This is despite the stringent measures that have already been put in place on the football pitches by the National Football League authorities in collaboration with the security personnel. In the past, the National Football League has often imposed heavy fines on fans caught misbehaving or stating cases of violence on the pitch both during and after the matches, and also banning them from coming to the stadium. NTL has previously communicated through their members to ensure that their respective team supporters remain respectful throughout football matches. Still, some fans who are aggressive find their way of prompting violence even on the occasions when their teams have emerged victorious thus the situation remains elusive. Some fans felt that the referees were blamed unfairly for the violence because they rarely put their focus on the fans but concentrate on the game (Amsterdam Group 1996).

The research also established that most fans whose teams lost the games took no initiative to seek for the reasons for the loss but rather started blaming the referee and causing chaos. Some respondents were of a different opinion that all the stakeholders inclusive of the football clubs, the coaches, the players and the fans were to be held accountable for the cases of violence, for the main reason that all the sides often have the ultimate desire of winning the league titles thus the minor tensions within them is what explodes to become violence. The research also established that the chaos often result into cases of massive property damage as cars are destroyed and shops along the streets looted.

Results discussed in the context of the literature review
The results are quite in line with the changes that have been witnessed in the sports industry by experts in the recent years, towards a culture of spectator violence, despite the measures being put in place. The violence has in fact been extended from the pitches to the city streets. Furthermore, it is not only manifested during the actual matches on the pitches but also during the journey to and from the stadium hence affecting even the participants who may have not been part of the spectators. The fights and chaos are often arranged between groups that are well organised through the use of modern channels of communication like the internet and other mobile phones both within the venues and outside the stadium. Throughout international competitions, violence can happen wherever big groups of people going by supporters have congregated. This is as liable to include members of the nearby population as supporters of different groups (Humphreys 2008). Extreme alcohol utilization might frequently worsen the issue. In the meantime, it is currently recognised that football hooliganism. This has turned into the center of expanding consideration in the US and in European nations (Amsterdam Group 1996).

In any case, it is additionally important to address the perplexing and profound established social issues that underlie a great part of the viciousness. These incorporate frailties in regular life, the absence of aggregate imparted qualities and the debilitating of social control and neighbourhood connect. These can just be handled through a reach of socio-instructive preventive measures administered differently at supporters and antagonized nearby occupants. The harming effect of sports violence or the danger of viciousness at or in association with games occasions can stretch out far past its victimized people or the individuals who might witness it.
It earnestly demoralizes families, ladies, youngsters, more senior individuals, ethnic minorities and individuals with inabilities from going to matches.
It makes an atmosphere of trepidation around nearby occupants, especially those from ethnic minorities, around stadiums.

It ties up police and therapeutic assets that could all the more profitably be conveyed somewhere else.
Additionally, it might disrupt and massively affect the road transport
Local authorities thus have a vital part to play both in pushing the positive impacts of game and in fighting viciousness. In this they are propelled by a regular wish that their urban areas and their stadiums be places where reputable observers of all ages can go to and have fun: without trepidation of viciousness; without worries that they will be put in risk; and with the learning that they will end up in an environment that is inviting and agreeable; and where the neighbourhood population can impart the experience.

The contribution to emerge from the findings and analysis
From the research findings, it can be concluded that the sports problem of fans engaging in violence is an issue that requires a collective responsibility to find lasting solutions. There is need for local and state governments to; take cognizant of the roles being played by the various local authorities to promote football as a sport in the country, foster the need for a permanent collaboration that is efficient among public organizations and the others that operate independently, and to provide assistance the these authorities towards constructing the facilities of football management. In particular, there is need for the security personnel to tighten their grip towards the processes of; guarding the entrance and exit points of the stadium and control its access by the football fans. They should also be keen in issuing tickets and checking upon entry into the stadium, providing guidance to the spectators by guiding them on where they are supposed to occupy while within the stadium and finally making sure that the spectators respect the facilities that have been put in place by the NFL management and other stakeholders.

Conclusion
The NFL is mainly concerned of the rising cases of football violence among fans and spectators because of the dangers it poses not only to the health and safety of those involved, but also the economic impact. Football is a family game and most parents take the initiative to bring along their children to the stadium for the matches. Such incidences make most families to keep off and also investors and stakeholders shy away from sponsoring teams perceived to be violent. It is thus a collaborative initiative for all stakeholders involved.

References
Amsterdam Group. (1996) ‘Football violence in Europe’ http://www.sirc.org/publik/football_violence.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
Australian Government. (2012) ‘Spectator violence part 1: Professional sporting events’  Research in Practice. http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/3/F/6/%7B3F69B6E1-086C- 4CA5-A6A5-B4E63DAA81E2%7Drip12.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
Blumstein, A. and Benedict, J. (1999) ‘Criminal Violence of NFL Players compared to the General Population’ Sports Journal. 12 (9): http://www.stat.duke.edu/~dalene/chance/chanceweb/123.nflviol.pdf
Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport. (1999) Building a new brand of sport — What About Violence? n.p. http://www.cces.ca/files/pdfs/CCES-PAPER-Violence- E.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
Comeron, M. (2002) Prevention of violence in sport, the. n.p. http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/133406/1/CE-preventionviolencesport-comeron- ENG.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
Council of Europe. (2003) Prevention of violence in sport. n.p. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/sport/resources/texts/T- RV_2005_08_EN_Rapport_Lisbonne_FINAL_rev.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
Flood, M. and Dyson, S. (2010) Sport, athletes, and violence against women. n.p.
Giulianotti, R. and Robertson, R. (2004) ‘Globalization of football: a study in the globalization of the ‘serious life’, The British Journal of Sociology 2. 55 (4): http://www.wcas.northwestern.edu/projects/globalization/secure/articles/robertsonpdf. htm.pdf
Hambrechet, W. (2012) ‘The U.S. Professional Sports Market & Franchise Value Report’ http://www.wrhambrecht.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/09/SportsMarketReport_2012.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
Humphreys, B. (2008) ‘Size and Scope of the Sports Industry in the United States, the’  IASE/NAASE Working Paper Series. http://college.holycross.edu/RePEc/spe/HumphreysRuseski_SportsIndustry.pdf
Jewell, T., Moti, A., and Coates, D. (2011) A Brief History of Violence and Aggression in Spectator Sports. n.p.
Kajornboon, A. (2010) Using interviews as research instruments. n.p. http://www.culi.chula.ac.th/e-journal/bod/annabel.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
McGraw Hill. (2007) Violence in sports: How Does It Affect Our Lives? n.p. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/dl/free/007337654x/673624/Coakley10e_ch07.pdf
Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research. (2010) ‘Football and Football Hooliganism ‘http://www.furd.org/resources/fs1.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
Snow, N. (2012) ‘Violence and Aggression in Sports: An In-Depth Look (Part Three)’ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/370563-violence-and-aggression-in-sports-an-in- depth-look-part-3
Spaaij, R. (2006) ‘Aspects of Hooligan Violence: A Reappraisal of Sociological Research  into Football Hooliganism’ http://ramonspaaij.nl/PDF/ASSR-WP0602.pdf
Council of Europe. (2003) ABORIGINES: Sport, Violence and Survival. n.p. http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/18-98.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013)
Telander, S. n.d. ‘Sports Strengthen communities’ e-Journal USA. 16 (10): http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/30145/publications- english/EJ_Sports_Strenghten_Communities_Interactive_English.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).
UNICEF. (2010) Protecting Children from Violence in Sport a Review with a Focus on Industrialized Countries. n.p. http://www.unicef- irc.org/publications/pdf/violence_in_sport.pdf (Accessed: 9/11/2013).

Sports Marketing Research 17

Sample Sports Paper on Economic Impact on the London 2012 Olympic Games

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carescorp.com
Thursday, 26 May 2022 / Published in Sports

Economic Impact on the London 2012 Olympic Games

Introduction
The Olympic Games is a major event with unequaled global effect. The Olympic Games is associated with social, economic and environment effects in the host country and other countries as well. Similar to other mega events is subject to economic and commercial forces. The Olympic Games has made a significant contribution to commercialization of sports and development of new technologies. Consequently, the global consumption of sports has increased over the years. Critics argue that commercialization of sports has contributed to the global shift in approach to Olympics. Many countries consider the commercial and economic benefits of sporting event instead of the historic spirit of Olympism (James & Osborn 2011).

The London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games was formed after the successful bid to hold the Olympics in London. This Committee bears the mandate of ensuring the host country earns maximum commercial and economic benefits associated with the event. In addition, the Committee bears the responsibility of managing factors or issues including economic factors that would affect the management of the London 2012 Olympic Games. Any committee organizing the Olympics has to contend with the potential benefits and losses of hosting the event (James & Osborn 2011). The social, economic, and environmental impact of hosting the Olympics has attracted the attention of many researchers over the years. This paper analyses the impact of various economic aspects on the running of the London 2012 Olympic Games. The potential economic effects of the event are outlined as well.

The Impact of Economic Concepts on the London 2012 Olympic Games
The economic benefits associated with the Olympic Games encourage many countries to place their bids to host the mega event in their cities. In most cases, governments consider how their cities, businesses, and citizens will benefit from the event. The prevailing economic conditions in a country have an effect of major sporting events. Hosting the Olympic Games requires that countries proof their financial and infrastructural capability to host the event. Government must account for all the financial obligations and proof they have access to or can generate sufficient financial resources to meet the financial obligations. One of the strategies that governments use to finance major sporting events is to adjust their tax policies so that the government can earn higher tax revenues (Holger 2004).

Governments may adjust their tax policies over time with intention of hosting the Olympic. Such a strategy ensures that the economy does not experience negative effects associated with sudden increases in tax rates. For instance, a sudden increase in tax rates may result in a sharp increase in commodity prices. Sometimes governments underestimate the total cost of hosting major sporting events. Consequently, the tax revenues generated is not sufficient to cover the long-term costs associated with hosting a major sporting event. Such shortages in financial resources limit the capacity of countries in hosting future sporting events. Underestimation of costs leaves a country with a large financial burden long after the sporting event is over (Holger 2004).

Holger (2004) point of view implies that government policies of generating revenue prior to a major sporting event like the Olympic Games have an effect on the how the event is managed. The policies will also determine if the host city accumulates economic benefits or losses from the event. Proper financial planning will lead to economic gains while poor financial planning will leave a host city in debt. Hosting the Olympic Games is a project that involves political, social, and economic processes. The economic processes involve investments to that have long-term effects on a country’s wealth. The investments affect the standard of living of the individuals living in the hosting city and may spread to other cities as well. The nature of economic processes that a city engages in prior to the Olympic Games will determine the longevity of the resultant economic benefits (Girginov & Parry 2005, p. 94).

Humphreys and Howard (2008, p. 118) indicate that Olympic Games involve different sectors that are not related to sports. This is because such large events involve a large of number of participants and spectators from within and outside the hosting city. The number of spectators from within and out of the city is also large. Consequently, the economic effects of hosting the Games will spread to different sectors in and out of the city. At the same time, the economic conditions in other sectors will have an effect on the running of the Olympics Games. For instance, the prevailing prices and level of production in other sectors such as the hospitality industry will influence the capacity of the city to cater for all the people who will travel to the host city for the games. If there are shortages in provision of goods and services, the city cannot accommodate the large number of people that will have travelled to participate, officiate, or watch the Games (Humphreys & Howard 2008, p. 118-121).

The economic condition in and out the hosting city will not only have an effect on the management of the Olympic Games but also on the ability of a city to proof its ability to host Olympic Games in future or another major event. This means that economic conditions in other sectors will determine if the city will host other events in future. In addition, the economic conditions will also determine if the event is a success or not. To this extent, governments and the private have to make investment plans in good time to ensure that by the time the Olympic Games are held, the prevailing economic conditions are supportive. For instance, the government and the private sector have to increase the level of production in the economy in anticipation of the Games to ensure that the economy can handle the expected increases in demand for goods and services. This means that public and private organizations have to develop effective strategies to expanding their level of production years before hosting the Olympics Games (Humphreys & Howard 2008, p. 118-121).

In most cases, government authorities and private sectors develop good plans and policies to cater for the expected increases in demand. However, economic conditions may change unexpectedly when the Olympics are underway. In such cases, the government had to develop quick measures that would reverse any negative effects of such sudden changes on the management of the Olympics Games. The planning committee depends of estimates and not accurate figures to account for the expected economic changes during and after Olympics Games. For instance, the committee can only estimate the increases in spending during the Olympics. Thus, any policies developed to increase production are based on estimated increases in demand for goods and services. Therefore, the planning committee has to account for unexpected increases in spending and unexpected changes in supply of goods and services Games (Humphreys & Howard 2008, p. 118-121).

Hosting Olympic Games requires that the hosting city maximize its scarce resources to accommodate the expected changes in its social, political, economic, and external environment. One of these scarce resources is land. The capacity of a city to maximize the available land resources will depend of the competing forces for the same resource. If the level of competition is low, the city can utilize most of its land in planning for the Games. However, if the level of competition is high, the planning committee for the Olympic Games has limited land to utilize for the event. As indicated earlier, many governments depend on their revenues to finance the required infrastructural and transportation developments. The amount of revenues that a government collects especially from taxes largely depends on the nature of economic activities in the country. For instance, an increasing in cost of production will cause firms to reduce their level in production. Consequently, they may lay off some of their employees or opt to reduce their salaries. Such decreases in output will reduce the government’s tax revenues, which in turn will influence the financial resources available to plan and manage the Olympics (Humphreys & Howard 2008, p. 118-121; Davis 2012).

Zimbalist and Maennig (2012) examine the effects of economic aspects on the cost estimation and budgeting for the Olympics Games in the hosting city. The estimation of costs is done years before the event to allow the host to develop mechanisms of generating the required funds. Cost estimation is also necessary when proofing the capacity of a city to host the Games successfully. Budgets for the Olympic Games are also drawn years before the event. However, changes in the economy in the host country will have either negative or positive effects or never effects of estimate costs and budget for the event. For instance, changes in the economy may reduce the cost of production, which will in turn the overall cost of hosting the Olympics. However, economic changes may result in increased costs (Humphreys & Howard 2008, p. 118-121; Davis 2012).

Considering the cases of the London 2012 Olympic Games, Zimbalist, and Maennig (2012) indicate the budget for this event was drawn prior to the global financial crisis. The cost of hosting of the Olympics has been increasing and by 2008, the cost had increases from £ 2.4 billion to about £ 9.35 billion. This means that London has to adjust its budget and account for the increased cost. The host has to develop strategies of earning the extra financial resources required to host the Olympics successfully. London faces the challenge of avoiding indebtedness and cost overruns after the hosting the Olympics. With the prevailing economic conditions in the continent, London may face higher costs during the Olympics or lower economic benefits.

According to the estimate issued by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in 2004, London would experience a significant financial increase after hosting the Olympics. PwC projected the Olympic Games may result in a positive macroeconomic shock. This shock would be effective in reviving the malfunctioning economy in Britain. PwC estimate the macroeconomic effect between 2005 and 2016 at £1.93 billion in UK, £525 million in North East London and £5.90 in London. These estimates were made prior to escalation of the global financial crisis and the Europe debt crisis. This implies that the benefits may have been overestimated. The actual benefits may be lower and short lived (Pozuelo-Monfort 2010).

The credit crunch that has hit the continent in the recent past has had a negative effect of the private sector. Many investors in the private sector including private companies and small firms have incurred losses instead of returns for their investments. Some businesses have been forced to shut down their operations as they wait for the economy to revive. On the other hand, the government has been using a significant part of its financial resources to bail out some banks. The government has also been spending its funds in its attempts to reverse the recession. This means that the cost of hosting the Olympic Games may be passed on to tax payers. An increase in tax rates may cause firms to increase their prices as a way of increasing their revenues. High prices may affect the expected increases in spending during the Olympic Games (Bloyce & Smith 2009).

The economic benefits that a host city enjoys largely depend on its level of economic development. The developed cities enjoy higher economic benefits relative to less developed cities. This is because developed host cities spend less financial funds in preparing and managing the Games. Most of the required resources, facilities and infrastructure are already in place. Thus, any increased spending and new job opportunities during the Olympic Games are benefits to the city. The costs attached to such benefits are very minimal. On the other hand, less developed cities have to spend large amounts of funds in developing infrastructure and upgrading their facilities to meet the requirements for hosting the Olympics. Thus, part of the economic benefits that are earned from the Olympics is used to cater for the costs of hosting the Games (Ritchie & Adair 2004; Bowdin 2010; Pedersen et al 2010).

The nature of governance in a host city has an influence on the management of the Olympic Games. If there is poor governance in a city, the Olympic Games are likely to be unsuccessful in terms of earning the expected social, economic, political and environmental benefits. However, sound governance ensures that proper plans for running the Games are in place and the strategies laid out are implemented. In London, the British Olympics Association, the Mayor of London and the government are responsible for London’s governance during the Olympics Games. This mandate is passed onto the London Organizing Committee of the Olympics Games. This Committee works in collaboration with other government agencies to ensure that London benefits from hosting the Olympic Games. The efficiency of all the parties involved in providing governance during the Olympic Games will have an effect on the running of the event. The policies and plans developed by these agencies will influence the economic environment that will prevail during the games (Poynter & MacRury 2009).

The Effects of the London Olympic Games on the Economic Environment
Hosting the Olympic Games is associated with macro and micro benefits in most if not all sectors of the economy. In fact, the benefits that accrue to the hosting country motivate many cities to bid for a chance to host the Games. One of the economic benefits is the maximum use of land resources by the host city. Hosting Olympic Games demands that a city create enough accommodation and packing for all the visitors that flock to the city to participate or watch the game. In most cases, new accommodation facilities are established and the existing facilities improved to meet the requirements of hosting such a major event. Therefore, the urban land is maximized. Developed host cities have well-established plans for economic growth. Thus, hosting the Olympic Games in such cities provides an opportunity for them to modernize their infrastructure (Clark 2008; Li, Bravo & Gonzalo 2011).

A host city incurs large costs in the preparation and management process. These costs are met using public funds. However, the resultant benefits in terms of increased revenues for firms, efficient communication infrastructure, improved transportation and better facilities in the city indicate the scarce public resources are optimized. Another economic benefit that is expected from the London 2012 Olympic Games is new job opportunity. Over 30,000 jobs are expected to be created by the time Olympics are held. The creation of jobs in a host city begins from the preparation stage and some of those jobs may last even after the Olympics. This is because a host city gains popularity during the Games and is likely to receive more visitors after the Games are over. Some of the sectors that are a directly involved such as sports, tourism and the hospitality sector enjoy the largest share of economic benefits. These sectors enjoy sharp increases in revenues during and after the Games. The effects of increases spending in a host city spread to other cities and all sectors of the economy through the multiplier effect (Rogan & Rogan 2011; Weed 2007).

Some of the investments that a host city makes during Olympic Games have long terms benefits to its economy. For instance, host countries invest in infrastructure, which is important for higher levels of economic growth. The host city will utilize the improved infrastructure over a long period and gain more economic benefits even after the Games. This means that meeting the cost of hosting the Olympics is not limited to the economic benefits earned during the Games. The long term benefits of hosting the Olympics attract many cities to seek an opportunity to host the events. However, a host city may incur losses instead of benefits if its plans are poor. Poor planning may result in underestimation of costs. Overestimation of benefits is also common when hosting Olympics and this leaves some cities in debt. Thus, instead of enjoying long term benefits, such cities will incur long term losses. This implies that a host city may enjoy benefits or losses based on its planning and economic development (Gold 2011: Toohey & Veal 2007).

Host cities benefit from improved supply chains during the Olympics. Government agencies and various stakeholders in the host city work towards ensuring the goods and services are supplied to consumers efficiently and in time during the Olympics. Such improved supply chains are sustainable after hosting the Games. London is set to benefit from new business opportunities as a host city. New businesses are established during such major sporting events to meet the extra demand for products and services. Such businesses expand fast during Games because of the ready market for products and services. Some of these businesses are sustainable even after the sporting events. By hosting the Olympic Games in London, the UK is expected to become a leading sporting nation.

Such a legacy and image of the country will attract many tourists and investors in future. London will benefit for high level of production and increased output of goods and services. The level of consumption during the Olympics is expected to increase and firms are likely to react to this prediction by enlarging their production capacity. Consequently, the level of production even after the Games will increase (Fussey et al 2011; Coalter 2008).

Conclusion
Hosting the Olympic Games requires that the host city invests extensively in improving its infrastructure and facilities. Such investments enable a host city to accommodate the large number of people including spectators, participants, officials, and media personalities that travel to the city. The successful hosting and management on Olympic Games requires a supportive economic environment in the host country. The economic condition in a host city will determine its ability to fund the sporting event and enjoy all the benefits that accrue to a host city during Olympics.

The nature of governance will also influence the running of the Olympic Games. The effects of global financial crisis, recession and credit crunch on UK’s economy have had an impact of the costs of hosting the Olympic Games in London. Some of the economic benefits of hosting such a major sporting event include new business opportunities, improved infrastructure, better facilities, growth and development in key sectors and optimal use of scarce resources. Other benefits include higher level of productions, increased consumption and overall economic growth in the long run.

References
Bloyce, D & Smith, A 2009, Sport, policy, and development: an introduction, Taylor & Francis
Bowdin, G 2010, Events Management, Routledge, London
Clark, G 2008, Local development benefits from staging global events, OECD Publishing
Coalter, F 2008, A wider social role for sport: who’s keeping the score? Routledge, London
Davis, J, A 2012, The Olympic Games effect: how sports marketing builds strong brands, John Wiley And Sons, New Jersey
Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G & Hobbs, D 2011, Securing and sustaining the Olympic city: reconfiguring London for 2012, Ashgate Publishing Limited
Girginov, V & Parry, 2005, The Olympic games explained: a student guide to the evolution of the modern Olympic games, Routledge, London
Gold, M 2011, Olympic cities: city agendas, planning and the world’s games, 1896-2016, Taylor & Francis
Holger, P 2004, The economics of staging the Olympics: a comparison of the games 1972-2008, Edward Elgar Publishing
Humphreys, B, R & Howard, D, R 2008, The business of sports: perspectives on the sports industry, ABC-CLIO
James, M & Osborn, G 2011, London 2012 and the impact of the UK’s Olympic and Paralympics legislation: protecting commerce of preserving culture? Modern Law Review, vol. 74, no. 3, pp.410-429
Li, M., Bravo, & Gonzalo 2011, International sport management, Human Kinetics
Pedersen, P, M., Parks, J, B., Quarterman, J & Thibault, L 2010, Contemporary sport management, Human Kinetics
Poynter, G & MacRury, I 2009, Olympic cities: 2011 and the remarking of London, Ashgate Publishing Limited
Pozuelo-Monfort, J 2010, The monfort plan: the new architecture of capitalism, John Wiley And Sons, New Jersey
Ritchie, B & Adair, D 2004, Sport tourism: interrelationships, impacts and issues, Channel View Publications
Rogan, M & Rogan, M 2011, Britain and the Olympic Games: past present, legacy, Troubadour Publishing Limited
Toohey, K & Veal, A 2007, The Olympic Games; a social science perspective, Taylor & Francis
Weed, M 2007, Sport & tourism, Taylor & Francis
Zimbalist, A & Maennig, W 2012, International handbook on the economics of mega sporting events, Edward Elgar Publishing

London 2012 Olympic Games 10

 

Sample Sports Paper on The changing course of soccer in America

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carescorp.com
Saturday, 21 May 2022 / Published in Sports

The changing course of soccer in America

Soccer is commonly referred to as football in other countries and it is the most famous type of sport in the world today, especially in America and Europe. The huge numbers of soccer fans and spectators who throng football stadiums to cheer their favourite teams is proof that not only is the sport most famous but it is also loved by many people. Despite Europe being popular for its English premier leagues that attract fans from all over the world, America is also advancing gradually. David Kamp agrees that soccer has finally been endorsed and accepted in America today than in the past years (Kamp). Another sports’ researcher, Joe is in agreement with Kamp’s observation by reinforcing that, ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 t�o� �d�a�t�e� �t�h�e� �A�m�e�r�i�c�a�n� �S�o�c�c�e�r� �L�e�a�g�u�e� �(�A�S�L�)� �h�a�s� �h�e�l�d� �a� �r�a�t�h�e�r� �e�n�i�g�m�a�t�i�c� �p�l�a�c�e� �i�n� �t�h�e� �h�i�s�t�o�r�y� �o�f� �s�o�c�c�e�r�  �(�T�e�r�r�e�t�)�.� �D�e�s�p�i�t�e� �s�u�c�h� �d�e�v�e�l�o�p�m�e�n�t�,� �t�h�e� �U�n�i�t�e�d� �S�t�a�t�e�s�,� �a� �n�a�t�i�o�n� �t�h�a�t� �t�a�k�e�s� �p�r�i�d�e� �i�n� �s�u�c�c�e�s�s�f�u�l� �a�t�h�l�e�t�i�c� �c�o�m�p�e�t�i�t�i�o�n�s� �a�c�r�o�s�s� �t�h�e� �g�l�o�b�e� �h�a�s� �b�e�e�n� �d�e�s�c�r�i�b�e�d� �as stagnant towards its participation in international sports, and soccer in particular.
Kamp has a feeling of resentment towards the American Soccer League, especially its development towards what it is today. He defines it as, ‘A soccer-as-cult, a creepy perversion of the fun game by the twaddly adults who have either forgotten or never understood why people are hooked on sports.” An online site defines perversion as the alteration of human behaviour or something from the original/normal state to a different state from the initial intended purpose (Farlex). In essence, Kamp is putting up an argument that the modern soccer has been altered, and people love soccer for all the wrong reasons compared to the very needs that soccer was meant to address since time immemorial. This is echoed through his rhetorical questions of why modern soccer does not feel right and whether the evidence seen today matches what was bargained for initially.

He says soccer has changed from its initial state of being a fun game to a different sport due to various factors. He anticipates that the actual meaning of the soccer game may have changed during the transition across the Atlantic and objects the current cultural status of American soccer. He observes that the game, which is universally recognized for its hooliganism, toughness and a radical nature, has been dominated by soccer dads and moms who have since used it to promote good parenting.

At this point, Kamp raises a genuine concern that is echoed by a research done by the Crack organization on the possible reasons why Americans dislike soccer. One of the main reasons is that the American soccer has been turned to a mom’s sport. By definition, a soccer mom is a typical mother in America who resides in the suburb areas and makes a commitment to transport their children to various games and athletic activities and games (Farlex). Kamp maintains that such moms commit their time with the mindset that they are implementing good parenting to their children and enhancing health development. This approach has washed down the soccer game that was initially regarded as wild and exciting to a calm and less interesting game.

Crack.com conquers with Kamp’s findings that the hopes of making soccer more meaningful in the US were shuttered with the creation of soccer moms monikers. It is said that the game lost its traditional toughness with the creation of soccer moms (Cracked. Com). Kamp demonstrates how the soccer toughness has been eroded by reminiscing the matches and games in the past. One particular one was a match held in October, 1977 at the Giants Stadium that attracted thousands of spectators who were motivated to see Pele challenge his opponents in the pitch. The stadium was packed with soccer fans dressed up in jerseys showing allegiance to their teams and the scoreboards in the field flashed with celebrity names. The crowds cheered their favourite teams led by cheerleaders who used composed theme songs to encourage players on the pitch. Upon scoring the winning goals, Pele addressed the excited crowds that equally responded by chanting in unison the word, love towards him.

Kamp is comparing the state of soccer at that particular times, filled with enthusiasm and toughness with some levels of hooliganism that all contributed in making the games interesting. The theme songs went on nonstop hence made even the quiet moments of the match alive. Kamp strongly advocates for the need to adopt a down-top approach in soccer training to the young American children as compared to the famous approach where children accept and play soccer only from their middle ages. This has led to the development of kids soccer academies for training in the US, with a famous example being the, At US Youth Soccer.

While this is the envisioned status, Kamp criticizes the diverse activities that have been brought on board in such soccer academies. At US Youth Soccer centre for instance, not only is fun provided but also measures have been developed to meet the kids’ social, psychological and physical needs differently. Kamp feels that any sport organization attempting to address the children’s social and psychological needs has gone overboard. He concludes that such desires are headed in the wrong directions as they pervert the goals of soccer academies in the community. He supports this argument by comparing the situation to his childhood days. He says that unlike the experience provided at the US Youth Centre, he grew up with his peers practising in mediocre teams that only advanced with their development into adulthood. They enjoyed playing with their friends who were equally not qualified, unlike modern kids whose training has deviated from soccer skills to other social and psychological needs. At this point, Kamp demonstrates again that soccer has been changed to a creepy perversion of the fun game, it used to be.

Kamp also notes that the provision by law for women and girls to participate in soccer marked a turning point in this game. Congress enacted a law in 1972 that resulted to the numerous establishments of women’s soccer teams. That period was described as the Title IX. The women’s team hence grew to be more famous as soccer had not fully developed in the United States to be associated firmly with men. Title IX strived to strike a gender balance between male and female sports in various schools. During this time, most male oriented sports like soccer, basketball and baseball were cut down to fund women soccer teams.

These women soccer teams were favoured at the expense of men, and their victories were used to intimidate men players. The nation didn’t oppose the formation of female soccer teams as this was a gender balanced move. In fact, the women’s world cup was also created. Kamp states that the problem began when women introduced to soccer their feminine accessories and still played despite their marital status and having children, went on the pitch with ponytails and excessively curved bodies that hindered performance. By allowing such discrepancies into soccer teams, Kamp proves that soccer has been changed to a creepy perversion of the fun game, it used to be.

Kamp has strived to highlight the American soccer development challenges. Another barrier to the improvement of American soccer is attitude. ( Skoyles 2003) notes that Americans do not like seeing themselves lose in international matches. Their ego feels crushed and defeated every other time their line up failed to beat the opponents. Unlike England which is much stronger and lives to fight another day after losing, Americans fear watching international matches that will lead to defeat. Skoyles concludes that, ‘If nobody wants to watch international soccer, who would want to play it? Perhaps this is a part of the American psyche, but England has managed to lose constantly for the past decade and still loves the sport” (Skoyles).

Another challenge that perverted the American soccer is the natives’ attitudes towards other international athletes. Most of the American sports are of European origin, including soccer that crossed through the Atlantic before spreading in America. Nevertheless, Americans take pride in these sports and make them even stronger and posses them as American. This sense of pride leads them to view other international opponents as inferior. The United States has been endowed with the necessary resources, skills and talents that can propel its participation in international soccer. Kamp expresses optimism of seeing the American soccer revived to incorporate all the glamour and liveliness it had in the past like defenders filled with zeal, captains who did heroic acts on the pitch, late season matches and obsessed fans who almost promoted hooliganism whenever their favourite teams were playing.

Works Cited
Cracked.Com,. “5 Reasons Americans Dislike Soccer.” . Cracked.com, n.d. Web. 9 Mar 2013.
<http://www.cracked.com/funny-3432-5-reasons-americans-dislike-soccer/>.
Farlex,. “Soccer Mom.” Free Dictionary. N.p., 2013. Web. Web. 9 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.thefreedictionary.com/soccer mom>.
Kamp, David. “America.” N.p., 2013. Print. Print. 9 Mar. 2013.
Terret, Thierry. “American Soccer League.” Journal of Sport History. 27.2 (1998): n. Page. Web.
9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH2000/JSH2702/JSH2702p.pdf>.
Skoyles, Liam. “Soccer Woes Why America will never compete in international soccer.” A
Modest Proposal. N.p., N.d. Web. 9 Mar 2013. <http://amputd.com/pdfs/200811/09_Liam_Soccer.pdf>.

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Sample Sports Paper on America’s Spaz-Time (by David Kamp)

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Saturday, 21 May 2022 / Published in Sports

America’s Spaz-Time (by David Kamp)

David Kamp agrees that soccer has finally been endorsed and accepted in America today than in the past years (Kamp). Another sports’ researcher, Joe is in agreement with Kamp’s observation by reinforcing that, ‘to date the American Soccer League (ASL) has held a rather enigmatic place in the history of soccer” (Terret). Despite such development, the United States, a nation that takes pride in successful athletic competitions across the globe has been described as stagnant towards its participation in international sports, and soccer in particular.

Kamp has a feeling of resentment towards the American Soccer League, especially its development towards what it is today. He defines it as, ‘A soccer-as-cult, a creepy perversion of the fun game by the twaddly adults who have either forgotten or never understood why people are hooked on sports.” An online site defines perversion as the alteration of human behaviour or something from the original/normal state to a different state from the initial intended purpose (Farlex). In essence, Kamp is putting up an argument that the modern soccer has been altered, and people love soccer for all the wrong reasons compared to the very needs that soccer was meant to address since time immemorial. This is echoed through his rhetorical questions of why modern soccer does not feel right and whether the evidence seen today matches what was bargained for initially.

He says soccer has changed from its initial state of being a fun game to a different sport due to various factors. He anticipates that the actual meaning of the soccer game may have changed during the transition across the Atlantic and objects the current cultural status of American soccer. He observes that the game, which is universally recognized for its hooliganism, toughness and a radical nature, has been dominated by soccer dads and moms who have since used it to promote good parenting.

At this point, Kamp raises a genuine concern that is echoed by a research done by the Crack organization on the possible reasons why Americans dislike soccer. One of the main reasons is that the American soccer has been turned to a mom’s sport. By definition, a soccer mom is a typical mother in America who resides in the suburb areas and makes a commitment to transport their children to various games and athletic activities and games (Farlex). Kamp maintains that such moms commit their time with the mindset that they are implementing good parenting to their children and enhancing health development. This approach has washed down the soccer game that was initially regarded as wild and exciting to a calm and less interesting game.

Crack.com conquers with Kamp’s findings that the hopes of making soccer more meaningful in the US were shuttered with the creation of soccer moms monikers. It is said that the game lost its traditional toughness with the creation of soccer moms (Cracked. Com). Kamp demonstrates how the soccer toughness has been eroded by reminiscing the matches and games in the past. One particular one was a match held in October, 1977 at the Giants Stadium that attracted thousands of spectators who were motivated to see Pele challenge his opponents in the pitch. The stadium was packed with soccer fans dressed up in jerseys showing allegiance to their teams and the scoreboards in the field flashed with celebrity names. The crowds cheered their favourite teams led by cheerleaders who used composed theme songs to encourage players on the pitch. Upon scoring the winning goals, Pele addressed the excited crowds that equally responded by chanting in unison the word, love towards him.

Kamp is comparing the state of soccer at that particular times, filled with enthusiasm and toughness with some levels of hooliganism that all contributed in making the games interesting. The theme songs went on nonstop hence made even the quiet moments of the match alive. Kamp strongly advocates for the need to adopt a down-top approach in soccer training to the young American children as compared to the famous approach where children accept and play soccer only from their middle ages. This has led to the development of kids soccer academies for training in the US, with a famous example being the, At US Youth Soccer.

While this is the envisioned status, Kamp criticizes the diverse activities that have been brought on board in such soccer academies. At US Youth Soccer centre for instance, not only is fun provided but also measures have been developed to meet the kids’ social, psychological and physical needs differently. Kamp feels that any sport organization attempting to address the children’s social and psychological needs has gone overboard. He concludes that such desires are headed in the wrong directions as they pervert the goals of soccer academies in the community.

He supports this argument by comparing the situation to his childhood days. He says that unlike the experience provided at the US Youth Centre, he grew up with his peers practising in mediocre teams that only advanced with their development into adulthood. They enjoyed playing with their friends who were equally not qualified, unlike modern kids whose training has deviated from soccer skills to other social and psychological needs. At this point, Kamp demonstrates again that soccer has been changed to a creepy perversion of the fun game, it used to be.

Kamp also notes that the provision by law for women and girls to participate in soccer marked a turning point in this game. Congress enacted a law in 1972 that resulted to the numerous establishments of women’s soccer teams. That period was described as the Title IX. The women’s team hence grew to be more famous as soccer had not fully developed in the United States to be associated firmly with men. Title IX strived to strike a gender balance between male and female sports in various schools. During this time, most male oriented sports like soccer, basketball and baseball were cut down to fund women soccer teams.

These women soccer teams were favoured at the expense of men, and their victories were used to intimidate men players. The nation didn’t oppose the formation of female soccer teams as this was a gender balanced move. In fact, the women’s world cup was also created. Kamp states that the problem began when women introduced to soccer their feminine accessories and still played despite their marital status and having children, went on the pitch with ponytails and excessively curved bodies that hindered performance. By allowing such discrepancies into soccer teams, Kamp proves that soccer has been changed to a creepy perversion of the fun game, it used to be.

Kamp has strived to highlight the American soccer development challenges. Another barrier to the improvement of American soccer is attitude. ( Skoyles 2003) notes that Americans do not like seeing themselves lose in international matches. Their ego feels crushed and defeated every other time their line up failed to beat the opponents. Unlike England which is much stronger and lives to fight another day after losing, Americans fear watching international matches that will lead to defeat. Skoyles concludes that, ‘If nobody wants to watch international soccer, who would want to play it? Perhaps this is a part of the American psyche, but England has managed to lose constantly for the past decade and still loves the sport” (Skoyles).

Another challenge that perverted the American soccer is the natives’ attitudes towards other international athletes. Most of the American sports are of European origin, including soccer that crossed through the Atlantic before spreading in America. Nevertheless, Americans take pride in these sports and make them even stronger and posses them as American. This sense of pride leads them to view other international opponents as inferior.

In conclusion, the United States has been endowed with the necessary resources and talent that can enable it participate in international soccer. Kamp expresses optimism of seeing the American soccer revived to include all the things it included in the past like defenders filled with zeal, captains who did heroic acts on the pitch, late season matches and obsessed fans who almost promoted hooliganism whenever their favourite teams were playing.

Works Cited
Cracked.Com,. “5 Reasons Americans Dislike Soccer.” . Cracked.com, n.d. Web. 9 Mar 2013.
<http://www.cracked.com/funny-3432-5-reasons-americans-dislike-soccer/>.
Farlex,. “Soccer Mom.” Free Dictionary. N.p., 2013. Web. Web. 9 Mar. 2013.
<http://www.thefreedictionary.com/soccer mom>.
Kamp, David. “America.” N.p., 2013. Print. Print. 9 Mar. 2013.
Terret, Thierry. “American Soccer League.” Journal of Sport History. 27.2 (1998): n. Page. Web.
9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH2000/JSH2702/JSH2702p.pdf>.
Skoyles, Liam. “Soccer Woes Why America will never compete in international soccer.” A
Modest Proposal. N.p., N.d. Web. 9 Mar 2013. <http://amputd.com/pdfs/200811/09_Liam_Soccer.pdf>.

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Sample Sports Essay on Extra Credit

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Saturday, 21 May 2022 / Published in Sports

Extra Credit

Washington Redskins is an American Football team based in Washington DC. It has been in the spotlight recently, on the grounds that the name ‘Redskins’ is racially offensive. This has caused a huge controversy and there are diverse opinions as to whether the management of the team should really change the name ‘Redskins’ or not. In his own words, President Barrack Obama said, ‘If I were the owner of the team and I knew that the name of my team-even if they’ve had a storied history-was offending a sizable group of people, I’d think about changing it’. However, other persons and entities hold their grounds that the name should be retained since it has always been the identity of the team since 1932, for instance, the team owner. Dan Snyder has affirmatively stated that he will never change the name.
Any sports team- a national one for that matter- should always abide by pre-set codes of conduct hence upholding the interests of all stakeholders, without discrimination. To begin with, the teams ought to be impartial in relation to controversial issues in the social, economic, and political scenes. The case of Washington Redskins has been caught in the political web, and that is why nearly ten U.S.A congressmen advocate for the change of the name. The team has basically been politicized and the impartiality in political matters has been jeopardized.
Secondly, a sports team should uphold respect and trust for their stakeholders be it in the field or outside the field. This would ensure that no one is looked down upon in speech or implication. The name of the Washington football team therefore does not bestow respect on the society, in that it side-lines the Red Indians.

Whereas ethics in the sports scene demands fairness, integrity, responsibility, and respect, Washington Redskins’ management breaches these ethical standards. (Hanson and Savage). How so? The statements Mr Snyder, the owner of the team, clearly shows that the management in its entirety is not ready to own up to the faults found in the name of the team. The management is also not upholding fairness and integrity. NFL took the stand that the name could possibly be changed to show fairness to those who felt offended. The team at question therefore being under NFL would have to follow suit and uphold fairness and integrity as a way to enhance its ethical responsibility.
On the other hand, the government’s role in advocating for the name change clearly shows double standards since the same U.S. government, in 1967, gave the team a trademark, under the name Washington Redskins. It calls for political sensitivity when major decisions involving the public are made. Social activists in the past have outspokenly made their stands clear on the discriminative nature of the name used by the team, but filing a petition could not solve the issue.
The government, represented by the congressmen, and headed by the President, should first own up for the documentation of the name that was performed in the late 60s, during the trade marking. This would show the level of responsibility and integrity that the leaders of the nation have. However, their stands on the issue would go a long way in answering the question: Are they after the common good of the citizens at large or are they after their own interests? That would seek to explain whether the leaders truly uphold ethics, in this case, ethics in sports.

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Sample Sports Paper on 1919 Black Sox Scandal

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Friday, 20 May 2022 / Published in Sports

1919 Black Sox Scandal

The players on the Charles Comiskey`s 1919 Chicago white sox team were an irritable lot. The crew was separated into two groups of performers, each lacking what to communicate to one another. Together, they established the best squad in baseball, maybe one of the finest crews that always frolicked the sport, however just like the rest of the clubs playing the game in the past periods were compensated a portion of what they were value. Because of baseball’s backup phrase, any player who declined to take a deal was forbidden from frolicking baseball on any other qualified team.

The ‘White Sox’ bearer recompensed two of his superlative luminaries, ‘Joe Jackson’ and ‘third baseman Buck Weaver,’ only six thousand dollars annually. Comiskey’s resolution to save expenditures by decreasing the number of times attires were cleaned provided increase to the original implication of “The Dark Sox.” Comiskey’s has been branded the oppressor and tightwad whose destitute rehearses made his players especially ready to vend their baseball personalities for cash, however, he was possibly not as good as utmost stitleholders (Carney 90). In essence, Chicago had the highest squad personnel in 1919. In the time of the replacement phrase, gamesters could discover troupes on loads of squads eyeing for extra income and they sort out. The resentment Sox troupes sensed for their holder directed eight affiliates of the lineup to join a collusion that would endlessly alter the sport of baseball and be recalled as the extreme humiliation in the account of qualified sporting. They would relax to pitch the Global Successions.

The Global Successions
The 1919 Global Successions complemented the American confederation title holder white sox against the countrywide confederation winner Cincinnati Reds. Although most global successions have been of the finest of seven setups, the 1919 global successions was a best of nine successions together with 1903, 1920, as well as 1921. Baseball chooses to try the best-of-nine arrangement partially to increase reputation of the sport and partially to make more income. The proceedings of the successions are regularly associated with the ‘Black Sox scandal,’ when numerous associates of the Chicago charter collaborated with gamesters to fling the Global Successions sports (Gene 20). The 1919 Global Successions is noted to be last Global Successions to take place without an administrator of baseball in place. The several charter owners set up Kenesaw Mountain Landis as the chief “Administrator of Baseball in the 1920s.”

The Fix
Research shows that the notion of fixing the series according to Eliot Asinof jumped into the attention of a hard-hitting Sox pitcher known as Chick Gandil. Asinof’s places the commencement of the fix in ‘Boston’, nearly a few days beforehand of the 1919 term. Gandil questioned an associate and qualified gambler entitled “Game” Sullivan to pass by his guesthouse room. From research, it is noted that subsequently a few proceedings of slight conversation, Gandil communicated to Sullivan, that he thought they could place ‘the series ‘in the carrier.” He claimed eighty thousand dollars as individual and whatsoever other players he might trainee (William 84).

In 1950, Gandil would bid his own, rather diverse account, acknowledging Sullivan for the clue. Gandil claims he firstly told Sullivan a fix comprising eight group of actors was unmanageable. Gandil acknowledged that the Chicago’s topnotch pitcher, Cicotte, had no adulation for Comiskey. Furthermore, Cicotte had financial issues, having purchased a plantation in Michigan that originated with extraordinary bank loan payments. Cicotte at first repelled Gandil’s proposal that he collaborates in a fix of the Successions, nevertheless finally his principles provided way. He told Gandil, that he would accept it for ten thousand dollars beforehand the Sequence jolts.

With Cicotte on panel, Gandil’s determinations to hire extra Sox team members took off. Shortstop Risberg and effectiveness infielder McMullin their collaboration. Beginning decanters would be vital in any affluent fix, therefore Gandil exited afterward and quickly persuaded Claude. To corpulent out the fix, Gandil progressed three of the squad’s finest ‘hitters,’ Weaver, Joe, and outfielder Felsch. The three decided to encounter with the other five thespians the following nightfall, Sept 21st, at Gandil’s apartment at in New York. A conference would ultimately ruin the professions of each ballplayer being contemporary (Eliot 89).

This is because during the meeting, it is demonstrated that they were all attracted and thought they should look out and comprehend if the currency would be placed on the line. Other associates recommended that they get paid money up front, but in circumstance things get hot, they could binaurally irritate the bettor, keep the coinage and take the immense end of the sequences by overcoming the Cincinnati Reds. Therefore, they agreed that this was all a brainy strategy. Gandil met with ‘Game Sullivan’ the following daybreak to let him know that the fix was taking place, provided that he could derive eight thousand dollars for the thespians before the Sequences started. Sullivan specified that it might be problematic or challenging to raise that much money so rapidly, but swore to see with Gandil immediately the crew came back to Chicago for the ultimate games of the consistent season. Another bettor, Burns, having eavesdropped conversation of a possible fix, loomed Cicotte and decided to support any proposal that could be made by Sullivan. Gandil, consulting with Cicotte and Burns, proclaimed that they would toil a fix with Burns for a truthful hundred thousand dollars. Burns and an associate, Maharg, went away to New York City to see the most prominent bettor sports person in America, Rothstein.

On Sept 29th, the day beforehand the Sox were to vacate for Cincinnati to inductee the Succession, investigation exemplifies that Sullivan and Evans offered as “Brown” met. Evans paid attention to the players’ request for eighty thousand dollars first, then communicated to them he would dialog with his “acquaintances first and let them know the outcome would be. When Evans reported back, Rothstein decided to give him forty thousand dollars to take it to Sullivan, who would seemingly allocate the money to the troupes. The remaining forty thousand dollars according to Rothstein would be kept in a bank in Chicago, to be remunerated to the performers if the Series succeeded as intended. Rothstein then became eventful, rapidly placing at least two hundred and seventy thousand dollars on the Reds to gain the Series. Unsatisfied and irritated at getting only ten thousand dollars from Sullivan, seven of the actors saw each other on the day prior to the Series introduction at the Sinton Hotel in Cincinnati with Attell. He declined to recompense the troupes any cash in advance, proposing instead twenty thousand dollars for each defeat in the greatest of nine Series. The team protested, but then choose to toss the first two sports with Cicotte and Williams as the programmed preliminary pitchers.

The Probationary
Comiskey endeavored to dishearten discussion of a fix, brought on by his squad’s dreary show in the Succession, by conveying a statement to the mass media. Comiskey conveyed to reporters, that he considers his squad brawled the happen stance of the contemporary Global Sequences on the close, as they have continuously done. Moreover, he would be the chief to need info to the divergent in case there is any. He promised to offer twenty thousand dollars to any person extracting information to that outcome.” In the meantime, Comiskey employed a secretive investigator to inspect the capitals of seven of the eight males who were members of the new scheme or treachery. Research revealed that Weaver was the thespian not distrusted. During the trial season, the players encountered charges including charges for collaborating to deceive the communal, collaborating to swindle Sox pitcher Schalk Ray, collaborating to obligate a poise game, collaborating to harm the trade of the American association, as well as collaborating to harm the industry of Charles Comiskey.

With the admittances or concessions still missing, Gorman distinguished he chance upon a hard-hitting clash. Nevertheless, he did have one main observer who could bond the players to the fix, and that was Burns Sleepy. American Confederation premier Ban, with the support of Maharg, had found Burns forming in the Rio Grande in the slight Texas boundary city of Del Rio. Assured freedom from trial, Burns unwillingly accepted to be a witness. Through July 5, with the justification’s motion to suppress the accusations having been excluded, panel assortment started. Before a last board of twelve was held, over six hundred potential assessors were interrogated about their sustenance of the White Sox, their gambling conducts, and their opinions of baseball.

On prospective assessor, Kiefer, was exempted because he was a Trainees follower, and seemingly had unfriendly drive counter to the team’s cross -city contending. For three days, Burns stayed on the standpoint, describing the several trials and problems of the fix. On cross investigation, defense lawyers attempted unproductively to agitate the assertion of Burns that it was the crew`s idea of tossing the Series but not him. Although he was enforced to confess that some of his times of meetings were incorrect, many in the media thought that the prosecution’s brilliant observer spun in an excellent presentation. The vast encounter of the hearing involved the subject of how to manage or deal with the lacking confessions and freedom disclaimers. Judge advocate Friend administrated that no proof of the concessions could be presented except the State could verify that they were made willingly and without pressure. Former Federation’s Attorney Hartley Replogle attested that the declarations were made willingly and without any offer of compensation.

The outcome
Now that the series was concluded, charges of a fix were now out in the open and the dispute blowup. Despite the fact that Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the first commissioner of baseball, adjourned each of the players, he guaranteed them return in case they were not found guilty.

Nevertheless, he still prohibited or excluded them all for life even though they were cleared of all unlawful charges. He went ahead to declare that “irrespective of the decision of the judges no player that tosses a ball sport will always play qualified baseball” Seven of the eight.” Black Sox admitted to tossing the series, but one player gave the impression to be comparatively blameless and that was Shoeless Joe Jackson. Shoeless Joe had days of batting typical of three hundred and forty five, third all time, and was one of the greatest hitters to ever play the game of baseball. Jackson is the only player to hit over four hundred and not gain a batting championship. Joe Jackson had not only communicated to Comiskey regarding the fix but also requested to be benched for the period of the series; for that reason, he was not a part of the scandal.

The Black Sox Disgrace was one of the prominent and gloomiest proceedings in baseball account. As research demonstrates baseball means something to the nation and the game itself is superior than the offenders who have tried to collapse it. This is because it made the American folks for the time being lose trust in the game they treasured. However, there is one big query left by the scandal and it concerns whether Shoeless Joe should be acknowledged to the Hall of Celebrity” This query has been the topic of much argument. Shoeless Joe was not angry and accordingly he left the game with some statement declaring that he was going to meet the paramount official of all who knows that he is not guilty.

How it led to the creation of the commissioner
The title commissioner, which is currently used to the leaders of various other key sports associations as well as baseball, arises from its precursor office, the National Commission. The Nationwide Commission was the presiding group of proficient baseball beginning with the National Treaty of 1903, which prepared peace between the National Association and the American Confederation. As a result, of the Black Sox Disgrace possibly the worst of a series of occasions in the late 1900s that endangered the truthfulness of the game. Squad possessors decided to change the Countrywide Commission with affiliation of nonbaseball males. They appointed national judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, an enthusiastic baseball enthusiast, to help as the rehabilitated commission’s chairman.

However, Landis affirmed that he would only take an employment as solitary official. He also necessitated closely limitless specialist to act in the “best welfares of baseball. In fact, serving as a conciliator whose resolutions could not be interested. The possessors, still winding from the awareness that the sport was indirect, willingly agreed. Landis’ initial performance was to solve the Black Sox disgrace. The eight players supposed of participation in the fix had been blameless, including Buck Weaver and famous person Shoeless Joe Jackson. Conversely, Landis disqualified all of them from baseball entirely. He clarified that even though the players had all been blameless in court, none of them could be allowed back in the game if its appearance was to be reinstated with the civic. Over the years, he apportioned severely with others confirmed to have thrown individual games, consorted with gamblers or affianced in activities that he felt blemished the image of the game. Amongst the others he disqualified comprised of were New York great players Phil Douglas and Jimmy O’Connell, as well as Philadelphia Phillies Paulette, among others. Accordingly, he dignified the illegal expulsions of Hal and Heinie. In 1920s, he disqualified great epicenter Kauff even though he had been blameless of participation in a wagon robbery ring. Nonetheless, Landis was persuaded Kauff was guilt-ridden and argued that players of “unwanted status and personality” had no place in baseball.

In conclusion, the research has discovered that Baseball was not so much designed as it was developed. Taken from Britain in the practice of such games as cricket, persons like Abner rapidly industrialized the procedures and notion of the game “baseball” in the 1800s.

The initial qualified team, the Cincinnati Leggings, was fielded in 1869, and other semi teams shortly tracked in their tracks. Wandering around the country and playing in public parks spread information and admiration of the game until teams could truly start alleging people to appear. Baseball’s approval kept snowballing, and, by the turn of the era, it was a genuine business with two major confederations and many negligible and semi-pro confederations with teams all over the country. The Black Sox scandal of 1919 began as a few wagers trying to get wealthy, and revolved into one of the major, and fluently the darkest, occurrence in baseball account. It was another surprise to a country already in disorder and made the American people lose faith in the game they loved. The team and accomplices are long deceased nevertheless, the dispute carries on.

Works Cited
Eliot, Asinof. Eight Men Out: The Black Sox and the 1919 World Series. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2003.
Carney, David. “New Light on an Old Scandal. Cleveland, OH: Sage, 2007.
Gene, Carney. Burying the Black Sox: How Baseball’s Cover-up of the 1919 World Series Fix Almost Succeeded. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2005.
William, Cook. The 1919 World Series: What Really Happened? Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001.

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Sample Sport Essay on A tale of two coaches: Coach Knight and coach K

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Wednesday, 18 May 2022 / Published in Sports

A tale of two coaches: Coach Knight and coach K

Although coach Knight has ever mentored coach K, the two coaches use different leadership styles in coaching their basketball teams. Coach Knight employs a will to win strategy in his leadership strategy. He lacks self-control when coaching thereby tends to command and control his basketball players. He uses threats and intimidations to discipline his players. Essentially, coach Knight is a task-oriented leader. Consequently, he does not care about the feelings of his players because of his no-nonsense attitude. On the other hand, coach K relies heavily on the goodwill of his players. He believes that the heart matters greatly for the success of his players. Therefore, he reinforces with the players, supports them, and communicates effectively with them. He is a relationship-oriented leader who uses his good relationship with the players to coach them effectively (Hernon, & Rossiter, 2007).
Fielder’s contingent model of leadership claims that effective leadership depends on the leader’s capability to match his/her style with the situation. Accordingly, a good leader should match his/her style with the prevalent situation to lead his/her followers effectively. In relation to this model, I would say that coach Knight’s leadership style does not match to his situation. He does not comply with the two implications of the model that suggest that a leader should either modify the situation to fit the leadership style or change the leadership style to fit the situation (Lunenburg, & Ornstein, 2008). More specifically, coach Knight’s leadership style is more specific on achieving goals as opposed to balancing the need to achieve goals with his relationship with the players. Accordingly, at one time or the other coach Knight finds himself fighting his players rather than helping them achieve goals. In relation to the model, the leader-member relationship between coach Knight and his players is low whereas his task structure is high. In addition, his leadership position is high because of the way he behaves while coaching his players. For these reasons, I would say that coach Knight does not match his situation because in most cases he ends up calling name to his players, throwing chairs to referees and screaming to players. Despite the fact that coach Knight’s leadership style does not affect his effectiveness in coaching, it affects his career as a coach. On the other hand, I would say that coach K matches his leadership style with situation. He behaves in a mature way by exercising self-control. His leader-member relationship, task structure and leadership position are high. In other words, he is able to match his leadership style with situation thereby he is effective in his coaching career (Rowe, & Guerrero, 2011).
With reference to situational leadership II, coach Knight uses directives in coaching his team. He directs his players even when playing. For this reason, he ends up shouting at them when he thinks they are not following his directives because he is a no-nonsense coach who expects players to follow his directives. On the contrary, coach K supports his team as they play. He encourages them to play hard to win the match. Unlike, coach Knight, coach K mentors his players (Lunenburg, & Ornstein, 2008). Based on these two facts, the two coaches use leadership styles in coaching their teams. In other words, while coach Knight applies a coercive leadership style in coaching his team, coach K applies a democratic leadership style, which is transformative, in coaching his team. With regard to this theoretical perspective, I think that both coaches are effective in applying their leadership style. They are both effective because there is no single leadership style that is applicable in all situations. Consequently, they have been able to win almost the same number of matches even though they use different leadership styles. In fact, the application of leadership style in accordance to the situation is all that matters in leadership (Rowe, & Guerrero, 2011). Therefore, it depends on what the two coaches do when coaching their teams as opposed to the type of leadership style they apply when coaching their teams.
References
Hernon, P., & Rossiter, N. (2007). Making a difference: Leadership and academic libraries. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited.
Lunenburg, F., & Ornstein, A. (2008). Educational administration: Concepts and practices. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Rowe, W., & Guerrero, L. (2011). Cases in leadership. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

A TALE OF TWO COACHES: COACH KNIGHT AND COACH K 3

Running head: A TALE OF TWO COACHES: COACH KNIGHT AND COACH K 1

Sample Sports Paper on Athletes as Role Models

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Friday, 13 May 2022 / Published in Sports

Athletes as Role Models

Introduction
Athletes form part of most respected and famous people in the society. A significant number of people perceive sports people as their role models which has effects on the society and the sports people in question. This can be attributed to the fact that most of the sports people are already recognized as role models by diverse demographics in all regions of the world. However, acknowledging athletes as role models will have a number of effects on sports.

Influence on Sports
While athletes are revered in the society, sports will have many participants. This implies that many people will try to be involved in sports in order to be influential in the society. Most individuals will attempt athletics as their career. This will play a critical role in ensuring that sports are the most popular careers in the world. People have been noted to follow trendy things, and when athletes are recognized as role models, many people will perceive sports at the trendy thing.

With increased sports participation, there is the effect of augmented commercialization of sports. This is has been confirmed in the modern sports where various companies use sporting events as advertising hubs. This implies that many companies will use sporting events as mediums for advertising. Subsequently, sports people will receive improved remuneration. This will play a critical role in ensuring that more people are attracted to sports.

Sports will also raise the standards of the people who can participate. This means that the people who will be considered as qualified need to have talent and skills that are above average. These influences will play a decisive function in ensuring that athletes are considered to be some of the most successful people in the society (Vescio, 2005).

References
Vescio, J., Wilde, K., & Crosswhite, J. J. (2005). Profiling sport role models to enhance initiatives for adolescent girls in physical education and sport.European Physical Education Review, 11(2), 153-170.

ATHLETES AS ROLE MODELS 2

Running Head: ATHLETES AS ROLE MODELS 1

 

Sample Sports Paper on Designing training materials for youths

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carescorp.com
Wednesday, 11 May 2022 / Published in Sports

Designing Sports training materials for youths

It is very important for the youths to be engages in sporting activities, this paper intends to describe the process of designing the sports training manual that provide clear guidelines to be easily be used by the trainees in personal trainings. The training materials need to incorporate relevant attractive illustrations that will enable the targeted youths to in the learning process. The document also needs to be very clear so that it can be a reference document that can be used by youths in the absence of the trainer. Training manual plays very significant role in the designing of a formal youth training program, this is because it ensures that there is consistency in the presentation of the activities to be carried out in the programs (Douglas, 2006).

Another importance of having a training manual is that it provides the youths with all the processes, tactics and any other information needed to perfect a certain skill all on the same section. In the youth programs, the training manuals should be tailored to be in line with the training objectives of each session. In this paper, the designing of the manual will involve the following; analysis of the training needs of the audience, designing of the training task and sequence, development of clear instructions that are consistent with the objectives, delivery and evaluation of the training.

Composition
A properly designed training material is a very important source of information for the improvement of the sporting skills among the youths. This material will therefore will not only be easy to read and understand the instructions but it will also incorporate attractive design by making use of illustrations. The tasks will be further simplified for clarity. To further make the training material easy to use, it is important it will have an overview on how it should be used and also provide a summary of what is to be covered in each and every chapter of the book (Brooks, 2004).

Audience
According to Brownstein, (2007) the target audience of the training material for sporting activities will be the youths in the institutions of learning. The language of instructions will be very simple and will be supported with easy to follow diagrams and illustrations. The training material to be used by the trainees will therefore include the basic text and the examples of the exercises that should be done. It may also have a space or checklist for the trainees indicating what they have done and any further notes.

Presentation
The material need to make attractive to motivate the youths interested in sports to use the training manual for their learning. The layout of the pages in the instruction manual should be made attractive and clear so that one can easily follow while undertaking a physical excise in the field or the gym. The training material to be utilized by the trainers will have checklist and explanations on how to introduce concepts and actions.

Typography
In the effort of making the training manual attractive, it is advisable not to use more than two or three fonts in the same document. To make an emphasis it is better to use either make the sections to be in bold, italics or other version and not the upper case. This is because the reading of the wordings indicated in uppercase is difficult. The writings should be done in plain and technical terms should be avoided. It is important that in cases where the technical terms and acronyms are used, an explanation is provided in simple terms. In the instructional material, it is imperative to use an active voice so that the learner can translate the instructions into actions.

It is also important that a consistent tone, language and style of writing are maintained throughout the training material. So as to clarify the task and the activities to be done by the trainee, it is important to include the graphs, pictures and flow charts and screen displays. All the illustrations should be employed in a good proportion to the text providing the instructions. In addition, an effective training manual need to have a table of content that includes the headings of the chapters and the subheadings of the different activities to be undertaken.

Graphic designs
Use of graphic design is very important in the development of training materials as it enables the learners to quickly connect the processes. First, proximity of all the related information is essential. For example, the illustration or picture of an activity should be placed on the same page as the instructional information. Spaces can be creatively used to indicate the end of a section and the beginning of the next sections of the manual. Secondly, the technique aligning texts and the illustrations can be used to organize the page so that all the instructions and the graphics can be appearing as interrelated (Brooks, 2004). This technique is known as the creation of contrast and is effectively done with a variety of fronts, colors, and thickness of lines, spaces and shapes.

References
Brooks, D., (2004). Effective Strength Training: Analysis and Technique for the Upper Body, Lower Body, and Trunk Exercises. CA: Moves International Fitness.
Brownstein B., (2007). “Evaluation Treatment and Outcomes Functional Movement in Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy.” New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, Inc.
Douglas T., (2006). MS, and Brooks, Candice Coopeland. “Integrated BOSU® Balance Training: A Programming Guide for Fitness and Health Professionals.” DW Fitness.

DESIGNING SPORTS TRAINING MATERIALS FOR YOUTHS 5

Running Head: DESIGNING SPORTS TRAINING MATERIALS FOR YOUTHS 1

Sample Sports Paper on Goal line technology

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carescorp.com
Monday, 09 May 2022 / Published in Sports

Goal line technology

The proposition and introduction of the technology were aimed at supporting the role of officials in decision making and to reduce officiating errors. The technology indicates goals and assists referees in making viable decisions and eliminates controversies that arise out of refereeing errors (Conway 22). Goal line technology is used to verify a goal line through the use of electronic devices thus improving the referees certainty when allowing or disallowing a goal.

The need for the technology arose in 2000 during a penalty shoot out in the African Cup of Nations whereby a penalty for Nigeria against Cameroon was disallowed because the referee did not see the ball hit the cross bar, bounced into the net and was saved by the goalkeeper. However, television replays clearly clearly captured the goal and Cameroon won the match unfairly because of the refereeing error (Wilson 21).

Heated controversy arose in the United Kingdom in January 2005 following a match between Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United whereby the goal keeper dropped a 55 yard shot from Pendro Mendes. The goal keeper cleared the ball fast enough such that the match officials did not see the goal. The ensuing controversy prompted FIFA to adopt a system whereby a football that had a microchip would send a signal to the referee upon detection by the sensor. The technology was put to test during the 2007 under-17 World Cup and reports by the FIFA president indicated that he results were not clear and thus the technology could not be adopted (Marcus 10). The president described the technology as 95% accurate, and therefore, could not be adopted because the probability of uncertainty could either jeopardize or ruin match results credibility.

Several technologies have been proposed but their adoption has been stalled by critics on their effectiveness and impact on the game. For instance, The Cairos GLT System was rejected because of a consideration that it may slow the game. GoalRef system uses magnetic fields to ascertain changes around the goals and the goal alert created out of the change in the magnetic field is relayed once a goal is scored (Conway 23). The Hawk-Eye technology enables the referee to be notified in a split second once the ball crosses the line. However, critics argue that the probability of an error is large and the system is likely to slow down the game.

The refereeing mistakes leave team managers infuriated and at times create enmity between the teams because some feel treated unfairly to the benefit of the favored ones. In previous deliberations, following consistency in refereeing mistakes, captains have expressed the need for the adoption of the system (Conway 23). FIFA is considering the possibility of using the system during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The system ensures that the referee is notified within a second of a goal been scored and this is likely to improve decision making accuracy. The referee receives a notification through a visual signal and vibration on his or her wrist watch.

Works cited
Conway, Richard. “Goal-line technology edges closer”. BBC Sport, Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Marcus, Jeffrey. “FIFA President Apologizes for Refereeing Errors”. NY Times, Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Wilson, Jonathan. “Soccer could use instant replay, but not at expense of the sport’s flow, Retrieved 27 September 2013.

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