Milk

In the current modern world, the lifestyle of consumers is impacted by group association within the society at large. This is in particular to subcultures of age, region of residence and race/ethnicity. In analyzing the age subculture, the age of a consumer has a great influence in relation to his or her identity. The basic idea of age subculture entails analyzing it from three primary age segmentation; generation Y, Generation X and baby boomers.

In relation to research and study findings, generation Y comprises of the current consumer market of people born from the early 1980s to now, mainly the youth. On the other hand, generation x comprises of consumers born between 1966 and 1976, while baby boomers were born between 1946 and 1965. In particular to the segmentation, they have different preferences hence, have unique buying habits. For instance, baby boomers would spend a lot on brand loyalty thus; new products have to put a lot of effort in marketing to this subculture. The generation X consumers is considered to be very skeptical, while generation Y consumers are easily attracted to products that enhance their perception of cool images (Diffley, Kearns, Bennett, & Kawalek 2011). Australia has high life expectancy and thus its current consumer market largely comprises of baby boomers. However, in particular to one of its indigenous subcultures the Maori, their consumer market comprises mostly of the generation Y.

Australia is one of the primary exporters of dairy products to Malaysia. This is based on the fact that Malaysia has a very small dairy faming industry that sums up only 2 percent of the overall required dairy products to meet the needs of the people. This is considered as one of the primary reasons as to why Malaysian government cut on giving support to the farming sector back in the early 2000s. Baby boomers are characterized as consumers who are focused on their health and fitness. This acts a strong foundation for marketers to know that these people prefer milk more than other dairy products and the milk should be low in fat to reduce their cholesterol. However, this is not the case in Malaysia: for instance, based on their dairy industry they have a “large milk recombining industry, a yogurt and ice cream manufacturing sector and a large food processing industry which largely focuses on the manufacture of infant formula and other products based on powdered milk” (Dairy Australia limited 2011). This is an indication that the consumer market in Malaysia largely comprises of generation Y as compared to Australia.

The baby boomers consumers comprise of a very large segment. Having this information and understanding is critical for marketers in the dairy farming industry in Australia. Moreover, based on their characteristic of brand loyalty is an indication that they are value oriented in comparison to other segmentations of age subculture. In this sense what they would prefer would be largely different to the consumer market in Malaysia. For instance, the idea of powdered milk is considered to be new in comparison to baby boomers consumer market. Moreover, baby boomers would relate the product with having added chemicals hence would not be good for their general health and fitness. On the other hand, Malaysia relies largely on importation and without such measures as milk powder, it would be in overall more costly and also not appeal to their generation Y consumers.

References
Dairy Australia Limited. (2011). Australian government study of a bilateral Free Trade Agreement(FTA) between Australia and Malaysia. Dairy Australia.
Diffley, S., Kearns, J., Bennett, W., & Kawalek, P. 2011, Consumer behaviour in social networking sites: implications for marketers. Irish Journal of Management, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp 47-65.

MILK 4

Poverty and Needy Families

This paper concerns the needy families, and poverty matters in the US society. In regard to this matter, programs have been initiated to offer assistance to the needy individuals to curb the poverty situation. These programs range from Medicare, food stamps, Medicaid, and the supplemental nutrition plan that serves infants, women and children. This program that is commonly known as WIC needs to operate on $7 billion dollar budget to satisfy the needs of the poor in society. It caters for poor mothers and kids by ensuring that they access proper breast feeding, food, education and healthcare. However, lack of sufficient funds interferes with the services delivered by this program when it relies on only 125 million dollars donated from USDA to execute its operation in a month.

In US, statistics indicate that a third of 32 percent of all families with jobs lack sufficient funds to cater for their basic requirements. Analyzing the poverty situation, it is also evident that there is increasing rate of inequality among the employed families. Those who earn high income get more salaries when contrasted to families with a low income distribution. At the moment, 47.5 million individuals earn low wages; the population is increasing steadily, and could hit 50 million in future. This rate of poverty is alarming in that it exhibits a rough figure that represent a combined population of residents in Washington, California and Oregon. It is also sad to note that in spite of people returning to their job places, they can’t get out of poverty situation because; they take jobs with less security and low wages. These jobs that are offered to poor people with low wages pave way for fewer opportunities to advance in life. In addition, only few of the jobs results to benefits, but most evolve challenges especially for parents who attempt to balance family and work (Irving, 2011).

In United States, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families TANF is a program that is initiated to offer assistance to the families in need with the objective of achieving self-sufficiency. This program offers short-term financial help to mothers who are pregnant and to families with one or more dependent kids. In regard to the TANF plan, the state obtains block grants that enable them to devise, and operate in a way that fulfills the mission of TANF program. This program caters for the needy families, and poverty levels in US with help of objectives to accomplish their mission. First, they offer help to families in need to ensure that children access proper care at the comfort of their homes (Barry, 2007). The third purpose of assisting the individuals in need is by preventing, and reducing early pregnancies among the youth who are single. TANF also play a significant role of encouraging implementation and maintenance of families with both parents available.

TANF is a program accomplishes its purposes with help of OCR, which ensures that it adheres to the Federal Civil rights and rules. According to the law, TANF is supposed to deliver its services without exhibiting any form of discrimination. This implies that the program caters for the need of the poor equally without incorporating issues that incorporate age, race, sex, national background, disability and color. In this case, OCR ensures that individuals who feel discriminated while being attended to files complaints with them. Members of the needy families who qualify for these services must be in a pregnant situation or with a kid below 19 years. The plan also assists poor children aged 18 years and attending high school on a full time basis. In addition, pregnant women who stay with their husbands qualify for assistance even when they lack kids. TANF program also benefits individuals who are homeless, and US citizens or meet immigration needs.

Aside from providing the basic needs to assist the poor, TANF also gives transitional services to ensure that families are independent. The services range from education, rehabilitation, training and preparations in GED. This plan also offers Basic English classes to the needy students to foster job retention services, child care and promote employment. TANF caters for individuals in need by assisting them to avoid illegal drugs, violence and domestic misunderstanding (Turner, 2003).
Analyzing TANF and how it responds to needy families and poverty issues, I note that it only meets the requirements of poor families who qualify for their services under specific circumstances. In a case of divorce, TANF addresses the poverty issues of the needy families that involve single mothers.

The program is gender sensitive, it caters also for fathers who are single parents or have disabilities. However, TANF does not meet the needs of families who do not have kids that rely on them. It also fails to assist poor families with children above the age of 19 years old. The discussion also exhibit the importance of the subject based on the policy that exists in a family. For instance, the significance of the subject is evident when the needy families in US access help via the TANF program. It relates to the family policy by ensuring that parents in need get assistance without any form of discrimination. However, for this family policy to be successful, the issue of poverty and the needy families get to be resolved under special circumstances. An example is one that incorporates single or both parents with dependent children because; they access help automatically.

The impact of poverty and needy families in society is evident through children who face serious consequences. As a result of poverty, these kids live in poor health conditions, and lack opportunities to attain quality education. Poverty also affects the economy by lowering its productivity when most individuals miss chances to get the well paying jobs. In society, poverty contributes to anti-social behaviors such as misuse of substance, engaging in crime and committing suicide. Poor families suffer from isolation, low self esteem, stigma and also experience difficulties in bringing up their children (Moffitt, 2003). These kids who grow up in poor households tend to experience health challenges right from their time of birth until they grow older.

Values and believes that revolves around this issue of poverty is reflected in the local organizations. The reason is because such organizations exhibit believes and values to the society by offering their services to the poor networks. It is observed that despite of the anti-poverty programs, the society still encounters increasing numbers of the individuals in need. The study also indicates that people who experience poverty situations share similar values. Socially, poor people are perceived to be idle and lazy due to unemployment leading to a situation where the wealthy take a large portion of economic resources in society. Most firms believe that poverty among people is due to their disability, and diseases that affect them. In return, they cope with the idea of living in poor conditions, and extend this believe to the young generation.

The extent and effects of poverty issues on society leads to spread of diseases due to poor sanitation. Poor families lack sufficient basic needs such as food, and end up experiencing hunger. Furthermore, communities that are impoverished face discrimination while poverty becomes part of their entire life. The availability of crimes among individuals such as stealing account on effects that lead to poor conditions in society. This is because people who stay in such poor areas are uneducated, which results to unemployment situations that renders crimes. The extent of poverty in society is caused by inequalities in income that leads to social exclusion. Poverty can also lead to child labor, drug abuse, and self destruction to handle stress and depression.

The issue of poverty and needy families relates to social work by interfering with the economy of the society. This is because, most poor people are uneducated and face high rates of employment hence; fail to participate in social work effectively. The weakness of handling poverty is that majority of individuals in this situation believe that they can’t be successful and end up being poor in their entire lives. The strengths that motivate the society to curb poverty in needy families is evident via organizations, which provide help by offering basic needs. In my opinion, the possible future action is to implement more programs that will assist in educating the poor to eradicate unemployment, and boost their welfare in society.

References
Irving, S. K. (2011). Comparing program participation of TANF and non-TANF families before and during a time of recession. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
Moffitt, R. (2003). The role of non-financial factors in exit and entry in the TANF program. Madison, Wis.: Institute for Research on Poverty.
Ratcliffe, C., & McKernan, S. (2008). Effect of state food stamp and TANF policies on Food Stamp Program participation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Seccombe, K. (2007). Families in poverty. New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Barry, L. (2007). TANF program work verification plan. Sacramento, CA: [California Dept. of Social Services].
Turner, S. (2003). Statewide evaluation of the CYSA/TANF Program: final report. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Altman, M. (2007). Welcome to the TANF program. Salem, Or.: Oregon Dept. of Human Services.

2
POVERTY AND NEEDY FAMILIES

Running Head: POVERTY AND NEEDY FAMILIES

Fast Food Implications

In recent years, the numbers of people suffering from diseases and obesity have increased. Fast foods are believed to be waste foods because they contain much sugar and fat elements in spite of how they are tagged by the manufacturer or how skillfully promoted. A number of fast food options do not bring helpful dietary values, but one might incorporate little fast foods in his diet with an assertion, which it is of reasonable quantity. This essay will investigate some of the problems associated with fast food and provide some possible solutions.

Studies have shown that fast foods have effects that are harmful to human body. The negative effects of eating fast food lead to a multitude of health-related problems for children, youths, and adults. Individuals who eat fast food regularly are not putting healthy food into their bodies, therefore depriving their bodies of basic nutrients (Jaceson, n.d). Public consciousness of the negative impacts of eating fast food is increasing, and restaurants should begin to offer healthy foods, including more fruit and vegetable choices. There is nothing as a bad food, but these are foods that one should try not to eat them on a regularly (Hector, 2013).

Fast food has obvious implications on people health in general, but it affect young generation the most. In recent years, obesity spread around the world significantly and it becomes a serious problem, especially among adolescents and children because of eating a lot of fast food, full of fats, calories, and sugar besides being low in the rate of fiber, grains, and calcium. Young people are at risk of being overweight or getting a heart disease, diabetes, and cancer because of their bad eating habits. One of the main causes of obesity among children include eating and drinking much more than they do activities and exercises, and that makes them at risk. It has been noted that children live shorter life than their parents because of eating a lot of fast food and doing less exercise.

Fast food can have significant impact on someone’s health. However, many people enjoy fast food because they taste great. Health consequences on such food can be serious and costly in the end. Health effects can range from mere rapid weight gain that is not painful to some other terminal illnesses. Eating to much fast food without doing exercise is another way of attracting medical attention through therapies to reduce high blood pressure, stabilize sugar levels and weight loss among many others. Visiting medical officers and healthcare experts can be disastrous. \

The costs of maintaining treatment alone cannot be compared with the actual prices of this fast food on the shelf. Fast foods like hamburgers are sold nearly everywhere in the market yet at very affordable prices. Consequences are what consumers forget to think about as they consume it. This food is high selling and therefore cases of perish-ability will never occur. Many financial analysts note that cheap is expensive. This saying is true and active in the industry.

Fast food have hidden characteristics that cannot be revealed with a common eye. Low energy levels are just other very rampant symptoms of this fast food taking effect on a person’s nutrition system. Fast foods are known for damaging the pancreas. A damage to the pancreas means that a consumer of fast food will be exposed to a range of disorders including diabetes mellitus. Insulin is affected easily by the components present in these fast food. Studies have noted that fast food have high levels of oil and fat (World Health Organization 2003). Too much fat and oil in foods hampers complete digestion of foods in the stomach. Digestive juices do not work well when such fats are high in foods. For adequate digestion then high amounts of bloods and enzymes will be required in the body. Too much consumption of fast food ensures that too much blood is channeled to help in food digestion. This, as a result, makes the brain receive low levels of oxygen and therefore central nervous function will be affected negatively.

The marketing of fast food has bad impacts on people, but specifically it is targeting youth and children the most. Young people are so easy to influence because of some reasons. Youth and children spend much time watching television every day, so they are able to see many advertisements during their preferred programmes, and it is clear that most of fast food, snacks, candies and soft drinks advertisements are exposure on Saturday morning in children’s TV channels and that absolutely will draw their attention. Youth and children do not have enough knowledge to distinguish what is the best for themselves, so they easily believe the advertisements; therefore, it will affect their food choices and food purchase behaviour. Companies target children because they do not have their own money to buy the food, so they nagging parents to buy them fast food that they saw in advertisements.

In addition to fast food marketing and its bad effects on youth and children, another factor that could affect children eating habits is the parent’s role. Parents are the main influence on their children’s health (Sonya et al. 221) because of three major reasons. First, parents are responsible for feeding their children in a good way, and they are responsible for buying and serving food at home. They must be careful on what kind of food they purchase as well as the places they take their children to eat. Second, due to the busy life, parents are resorting to buy fast food because it is fast and easy to prepare; thus, exposing their children to unhealthy food, which will affect their future lives.

The society must apply the food marketing defense system to protect young generation from the bad impact of food marketing. People should be aware of food marketing and understand what it leads to and its effects it has on their children. Children need to be taught about the health risk related to fast food and be protected against misleading food marketing that would affect their health and eating behaviors. Moreover, society should help youth to improve their skills to protect themselves against fast food influences.

The Government rule of the United States plays a major function in the manufacture, safeguard, and delivery of food. The government regulates the appropriate preparation and storage of food. The implementation of these policies has been greatly affected by the civic protest following outbreak of food poisoning. Consequently, the examination of foods has turn into a responsibility of the US government.

In conclusion, society has a serious problem of fast food implications on people’s health, especially young generation who cannot protect themselves against the influences of food marketing. They believe in all advertisements and want to try the yummy food they see in the advertisements, which is full of fats and calories. On the other hand, parents have an important role to protect their children from becoming overweight or getting diseases; they should provide them dietary food. To solve this issue, government must ban TV advertisements targeting children who do not know how to protect themselves. The society should also apply a defense system and improve the knowledge of youth and children about the risk of eating fast food.

Work cited
Hector, Perera. “Some Negative Effects of Fast Food.” (January 17, 2013) Web. 14 March 2013. http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2013/01/17/some-negative-health-effects-of-fast-food/
Jaceson, Maughan. “Effect of Eating Fast Food.” n.d.. Web. 14 March 2013. http://www.life123.com/health/nutrition/eat-healthy/effects-of-eating-fast-food.shtml
Sonya Grier, Janell Mensinger, Shirley Huang, Shiriki Kumanyika, and Nicolas Stettler. “Fast-Food Marketing and Children’s Fast-Food Consumption: Exploring Parents’ Influences in an Ethnically Diverse Sample.” Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 26 (2), 2007; 221–235.
World Health Organization. “Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation.” Technical Report Series 916, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.

Surname 1

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Hunger is a condition that results from scarcity of food as well as poverty. Effects of hunger on world’s population are reduced human capability and functionality in economic participation and poor social welfare. In reality, hunger results from human actions on the surface of the earth, presented as myths of hunger. This paper discusses one of the myths of hunger; too many people.
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Chapter six of this study relates agro-fuels, food production, and other related production industries. Agro-fuels revolve around food supply, energy balance, environmental costs and energy balance as away to improve productivity and human welfare. World concern is equitable food supply, which revolves around energy balance, economic development, and environment cost benefit (Weingast & Wittman, 2008, p. 77.). Using sustainable source of energy, which is also environmental friendly, will help boost food production in a better and healthier way. This chapter presents various agro-fuel myths and their views towards achieving balanced food supply.

My topic of interest would be, ‘agro-fuels will not cause hunger’. There is rising concern to free world’s population from hunger. The world’s poorest people spend a large percentage of their income on food and as to such continue striving each day for other necessities. This calls for a need to subsidize human consumption expenditures through aids and grants. Even though various studies show that the use of land for agro-fuel� �p�r�o�d�u�c�t�i�o�n� �l�i�m�i�t�s� �c�a�p�a�c�i�t�y� �t�o� �f�o�o�d� �c�r�o�p� �p�r�o�d�u�c�t�i�o�n�,� �t�h�e� �r�e�a�l�i�t�y� �o�n� �t�h�e� �g�r�o�u�n�d� �i�s� �t�h�a�t� �a�g�r�o�-�f�u�e�l� �a�n�d� �c�r�o�p� �p�r�o�d�u�c�t�i�o�n� �w�o�r�k� �i�n� �a� �w�a�y� �t�o� �i�n�c�r�e�a�s�e� �h�u�m�a�n� �c�o�n�s�u�m�p�t�i�o�n� �o�p�p�o�r�t�u�n�i�t�y� �s�e�t�.� �
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Weingast, B. R., & Wittman, D. A. (2008). The Oxford handbook of political economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

NUTRITION 2

Running Head: NUTRITION 1

Introduction
Socioeconomic status plays a crucial in the development of obesity and malnutrition. Obesity first became a problem in industrialized countries before spreading in urban areas of developing countries. In countries such as the Great Britain, the number of obese people has tripled in just two decades. In the US, the obesity rate is over 60%. This expansion is repeated in many of the developed nations. In these industrialized nations, obesity is the biggest nutrition issue that has arisen from the people’s eating habits (Hu, 2008). In the recent past, obesity has also become common in urban places of developing countries. This suggests that obesity is a problem of the wealthy. With the developed world grappling with the proliferation of obesity amongst its citizens while the developing world is grappling with malnutrition amongst its citizens, changes have to happen in both the human eating habits and food cultivation if the human race is to survive. Obesity is becoming prevalent in wealthy nations and urban areas of developing countries. This suggests that its increased rate is positively related with economic wealth.

Discussion
With the non-industrialized countries striving to increase their wealth and those of their citizens, obesity may become a global epidemic in future. This is people have to change their eating habits so that obesity does not expand with the expansion of global wealth. Ironically, while some nations are grappling with obesity and overweight issue, there are many others where citizens have little to eat (Peoples & Bailey, 2012). For many years now, non industrialized nations have had to struggle with malnutrition and famine. However, it is not that these countries lack fertile land or food natural resources; rather, it is because most of them lack effective food cultivation processes. If these countries applied effective food cultivation processes, they can produce sufficient food quantities. Malnutrition is a persistent problem in non-industrialized countries. This is mostly due to ineffective food cultivation practices.

Obesity is a matter of poor eating habits where people consume mostly sugary foods and snacks. It is a problem mostly affecting wealthy nations and places. Many children are now becoming obese and we risk losing man power in the future. Statistics indicate that Obesity is the fifth leading killer disease on the globe. It kills about 2.8 million adults on an annual basis. Moreover, 44% of diabetic cases, 23% of ischemic heart disease, and 20% of cancer cases are associated to obesity. According to WHO (2010), obesity affects more than 40 million children globally. 35 million of the children live in developing countries while 8 million are in developed countries. Obesity is a serious health risk to the global population. It causes life threatening diseases and even premature death.

Malnutrition is a problem arising from poor food cultivation practices. For instance, literature indicates that obesity results from energy imbalance between calories taken in and calories used. A report by WHO (2010) indicates that there is an increased intake in food as high in fat, sugars and salt but low in minerals and vitamins. In addition, because of the adaption of industrialization, urbanization and better transport modes, there has been decreased physical activity (Stern & Kazaks, 2009). The change in detrimental lifestyle is associated to societal change and lack of policies that uphold health practices in agriculture, food processing, urban planning, education, transport and education. If all countries could be helped to attain and implement modern food cultivation practices, this problem could be solved (Gurney and Gorstein, 2009).

Malnutrition and famine lead to other ailments and death if there is no intervention. Currently, developing countries are facing a double burden of dealing with malnutrition and obesity. They are continually struggling with infectious diseases and malnutrition as well as a increasing cases of non-communicable diseases like obesity in urban areas. Children in these societies are vulnerable to poor nutrition as well as poorly processed foods that are cheap and have high fat, salt and sugar content.

Obesity and malnutrition have to be tackled for the survival of the human race. Both are preventable through implementation of health supportive policies that will enable people to make healthy food choices and physical activity. Effective weight management requires adoption of long-term strategies like education, weight management, adaption of healthy eating habits and weight loss programs (Gurney and Gorstein, 2009). A multi-sectoral approach should be used to support adaption of healthy diets and physical activity. Policies that require processing companies to manufacture low-fat, high-fiber foods should be implemented.

Conclusion
Obesity and malnutrition are a serious health risk that can lead to death. In addition, it is associated with several health problems like diabetes, heart diseases, high blood pressure and cancer. In both developed and developing countries, obesity affects people of all ages and is the fifth leading cause of death globally. Changes have to happen in both the human eating habits, lifestyle and food cultivation if the human race is to survive. Policies should be enacted to force processing companies to comply with healthy requirements and contribute in the control of the obesity menace. In addition, education and training programs should be organized to ensure that the population is informed on healthy living and necessitate the process of proper decision making in favor of good health.

References
Gurney, M., and Gorstein J., (2009). The Global Prevalence of Obesity: An Initial Overview of Available Data. World Health Statistics Quarterly, 41: 251-254.
Hu, F. B. (2008). Obesity epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 21-23.
International Congress on Obesity, Medeiros-Neto, G., Halpern, A., & Bouchard, C. (2003). Progress in obesity research: Proceedings of the 9th International congress on obesity. Montrouge: J. Libbey Eurotext. pp. 415.
Peoples, J. G., & Bailey, G. A. (2012). Humanity: An introduction to cultural anthropology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. pp. 422.
Stern, J. S., & Kazaks, A. (2009). Obesity: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. Pp. 89-92.
World Health Organization, (WHO), 2010. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, WHO Technical Report Series, No. 797.

1
HUMAN EATING HABITS AND FOOD CULTIVATION

Dietary Change of Breast Cancer Survivors: Perception and Factors

Introduction
The relationship between breast cancer and dietary change is debatable but there is evidence that women adopt dietary change after diagnosis. It is evident that women who are diagnosed with breast cancer undertake lifestyle changes among them being eating habits to maintain health and quality of life. Many women believe that increase intake of fat-rich foods and low consumption of fiber-rich food increases the risk of cancer. For this reason, there is a possibility that women may believe that diet affects the recovery process after diagnosis, in addition to reducing the risk of recurrence. This research will study the factors that motivate breast cancer survivors to initiate dietary change. To do this the research will attempt to identify the characteristic of women likely to initiate such changes and determine whether initiating such changes is associated with either recovery or disease recurrence.

Methodology
The design was a randomized trial experiment to assess dietary changes on breast cancer survivors. Those who will not report not to have initiated any change will be used as the control group. First, consent to conduct the study was obtained from Saint Vincent University Ethics Review Board. A social worker and a Canadian Cancer society will mandated with identifying breast cancer survivors who met the criterion. The women will then be invited by mail to participate in the study. In the mail, an informed consent form that explains the purpose of the research, the information obtained is confidential and participating in the study is voluntary will be enclosed.

For eligibility, a woman should to be from Miramichichi region of New Brunwick, not undergoing chemotherapy and no evidence of cancer recurrence. A sample of around 250 women who will sign the informed consent to participate in the study will be taken through an interview. The interviews will be conducted using well-structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions. The questionnaire will capture the socio-demographic characteristics. The women will state with clarity whether they initiated any dietary change after diagnosis with breast cancer. This will supported by evidence from other questions in the in the questionnaire. In addition, the women will state what they expected after initiating the diet change.

Data analysis
Data analysis will be done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Descriptive statistics will be done to determine the nature and extent of dietary changes. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristic of women who are likely to initiate dietary change. To do this odd ratios will be calculated on women who will report dietary change and those who will not, based on the socio-demographic, health and psycho-social data obtained during the interviews. Finally, a multivariate model will be fitted to capture the factors (variables) that characterize the women who initiate dietary change. It is also important to find out whether there is any relationship between dietary change and psychological factors. These factors will first be analyzed for each individual then for the whole sample. To do this spearman correlation will be obtained to determine whether the factors are associated with each other.

Conclusion
This research will determine the percentage of breast cancer survivors who initiated dietary change. The study will also determine the motivation that makes them initiate the change. This study will enhance the body of information in caring for breast cancer survivors. This will also help the survivors to understand the changes that they experience.

References
Adams, C., & Glanville, N. T. (2005). The meaning of food to breast cancer survivors. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 66(2), 62-6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220821774?accountid=1611

BREAST CANCER AND DIETERY CHANGE 3

Running Head: BREAST CANCER AND DIETERY CHANGE 1

What is my Food?

Cuisines are an aspect of human dietary preference that is heavily engrossed in cultural and historical concepts and is usually very particular to a given group. Among the many things that succinctly define a community or culture, dietary preference is at the top of this list where different cultures have different types of foods that are considered primarily as their staple foods because of different reasons such as cultural, historical or regional placement in the world (Chapman 33). In this paper, there is a review and study of two foods and their recipes from two different countries where different elements defining the foods are studied and considered to determine their peculiarity and uniqueness (Batmanglij 77). To be able to do this, the researcher visited two restaurants, Alibaba Mediterranean Grill and Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine, and chose two different meals from the menus to taste them and then make comparison based on selected attributes about them.

Countries of Origin of the Chosen foods
The two cuisines that were chosen from the two restaurants were of Indian and Mediterranean origins. The Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine is a restaurant that specializes in Indian foods and culture. Indian cuisine is rich and encompasses a variety of traditional ingredients due to the diversity in climate, soil type and occupations of Indians making especially as regards the use of herbs, spices, fruits and vegetables found in the region (The Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine 1). An outstanding factor of Indian cuisine is that it is influenced largely by cultural and religions choices where it has been shaped by Jain and Hindu beliefs regarding vegetarianism (Chapman 38). The restaurant is located in a metropolitan and modern place in Tulsa, 4844 S Memorial Drive with modern facilities both within and around it. Its theme colour is green showing a strong natural appeal that boosts with life and energy and the interior is well designed and decorated with brightly coloured tapestry of Indian origin (The Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine 1; Chapman 78). The main target market for the restaurant is people of Indian ethnic origin and those in love with Indian cultural cuisines.

On the other hand, the Alibaba Mediterranean Grill is a restaurant located in Tulsa, OK on 4709 East 51st Street (51st and Yale) mainly dealing with cuisines of Mediterranean and Persian origin where it serves standard Mediterranean dishes such as Hummus, Tabouli, Falafel, and Gyros (Alibaba Mediterranean Grill 1). The cultural constitution of this cuisine is largely influenced by the Mediterranean countries and given that they are many, their cultural composition is both rich and highly complex (Batmanglij 34). The menu is mainly composed of fresh fruits and vegetables with rice, seafood, poultry, pastas, beans, and grains to complement it (Alibaba Mediterranean Grill 1; Batmanglij 87). The restaurant’s theme colour is red and its surrounding is serene and highly decorated with local architectural designs to give it the local Mediterranean touch and the major ethnic group of the food is of Persian origin.

The Two Dishes Sampled
From The Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine I sampled Chicken Tikka Masala dish. This dish is boneless chicken cooked in Tandoor and served in a saffron cream source (The Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine 1). The main ingredients include yogurt, coriander sauce, tomatoes, puree, coconut cream, turmeric powder, onions, and paprika powder (Alibaba Mediterranean Grill 1). The dish sampled at Alibaba Mediterranean Grill was Kabob Kubideh which comprised of two skewers of lean ground beef. The ingredients include turmeric, ground onions (called sumac), pepper, lemon juice, egg yolk, and white flour.

Healing Properties of the Ingredients Used
The two common ingredients to these two recipes are turmeric powder and onions. Curcumin is the active ingredient that is found in turmeric powder which has made the powder to be used popularly because of its medicinal value. Over the years, this ingredient has been very popular because of its anti-inflammatory properties providing incredible treatment alternatives for a varied of health conditions such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease (Fontaine 88). The healing properties of this turmeric include its natural tendency as an antiseptic and antibacterial agent that can be used in disinfecting burns and wounds of different nature. When it is combined with cauliflower, turmeric can be used to prevent prostrate cancer and inhibit further growth of already existent cancerous cells (Spector 1). It has also been shown that turmeric can be used to prevent breast cancer from spreading to the lungs in studies done on mice and research also shows that it may used to prevent melanoma where it causes melanoma cells “to commit suicide” (Fontaine 192).

The other medicinal ingredient common in the two recipes is onion whose healing properties span centuries due to its wide usage in almost every culture. The key medicinal properties attributed to onions include treatment of skin acne, congestion and arthritis acting as a natural wormer (Spector 1). It also have natural diuretic properties appropriate for treating intestinal disorders where it stimulates peristalsis of the intestinal walls helping remove intestinal putrefaction and excess gas (Fontaine 76). In addition to this, onions are also good for treating indigestion, earaches, headaches, prevention of dental decay, angina, laryngitis, jaundice, colic, sunstroke, and stimulates hair growth among other medicinal interventions (Spector 1).

Conclusion
In summary therefore, foods and cuisines are a special element of culture and tradition and the choice of the ingredients used is usually careful and deliberate incorporating ingredients with medicinal value and helpful to the body. Every society has its own preferred foods and cuisines determined by their historical and traditional elements of their culture providing a great field of study in how these cultures’ cuisines are and their constituents (Fontaine 211). As has been seen in the foregoing discussion, ingredients with medicinal value and healing properties are usually key in all cultural cuisines it is no wonder ancient people used to enjoy healthy living without health complications being able to live their lives to the fullest in old age.

Works Cited
Alibaba Mediterranean Grill. About Us: Main Menu. Web 24 July 2012. <http://alibabaok.com/Home.aspx>.
Batmanglij, Najmieh. A Taste of Persia: An Introduction to Persian Cooking. New York: Mage Publishers, 2006. Print.
Chapman, Pat. India: Food & Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine. New Holland Publishers, 2009. Print.
Fontaine, Karen. Complementary & Alternative Therapies for Nursing Practice. 3rd ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
Spector, Rachel. Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness, 7th ed. Companion Web. 24 July 2012. <http://www.prenhall.com/spector/>.
The Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine. About us: Main Menu. Web. 24 July 2012. <http://kolamiic.weebly.com/uploads/6/5/6/6/656628/kolam_large_menu_rev_2.pdf>.
Appendix: Pictures taken while at the restaurants
Kabob Kubideh dish sampled at Alibaba Mediterranean GrillChicken Tikka Masala dish sampled at The Kolam Innovative Indian Cuisine

Surname 2

Nutrition in Cancer Care

Introduction
Nutrition is the process through which food is usually taken in by the body. The food is then used in keeping the body healthy, for growth and in replacing the body tissues. Proper nutrition is paramount for the good health of the body. Consumption of the right food types before, throughout, and later after the cancer treatment will help the patient in feeling better and remain stronger (American Cancer Society, 2005). Balanced diet nutrition includes eating sufficient foods and drinking liquids which contain essential body nutrients. The nutrients that the body needs include minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, protein, water and fats. When the body of a cancer patient is unable to absorb or get the nutrients required for health, a condition called malnourishment or malnutrition is created.

Nutrition in Cancer Care
Good Nutrition is Essential for Cancer Care
Good nutrition is vital for all individual, particularly those who are undergoing treatments of cancer. Cancer and the associated treatments usually affect the patient’s appetite. The treatments given to the cancer patients may also alter the body’s ability to tolerate some foods and the use of nutrients. Good nutrition while undergoing treatment will help the patient in:
Tolerating the side effects to the patients.

Healing and recover of the patients quickly.
Provide the patient with energy.
Maintain the patient’s body weight.
Keep the patient’s immune system strong.
Help the patient feel better.
Good nutrition to the cancer patients involves taking a diversity of foods providing nutrients for maintaining the general health while the body fights cancer (Abdulla, 2000). The nutrients include fluids, proteins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.

Cancer Changes the Way the Body Uses Food
Cancer tumors usually produce chemicals that alter the use of certain nutrients in the patient’s body. The patient’s use of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins may be affected, in particular by tumors that develop in the intestines or stomach. A cancer patient may appear to be consuming enough, but the patient’s body is unable to absorb the whole nutrients that the food contains.

Types of Nutrition Care
Nutrition Support to Patients Who Cannot Eat or Digest Normally
It is usually recommended using the mouth in taking in food whenever it is possible. In some cases, the patients are unable to take in sufficient food using the mouth due to problems that arise from cancer or the treatment on the cancer patient (Peto, 1981). In such cases, it is recommended that medicine to increase the patient’s appetite is administered.

Nutrition Support for patients who need to eat in different ways
A cancer patient who cannot take in sufficient food by the mouth will be fed using enteral nutrition or parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is the feeding method whereby a tube is inserted into the intestines or stomach. Parenteral nutrition is the process through which food is infused directly into the patient’s bloodstream (Abdulla, 2000). The nutrients administered are in liquid form that contains water, fats, proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, and minerals.

The nutrition support administered to the patients can improve the cancer patient’s recovery and life quality during the cancer treatment process. However, there exist several harms to be considered before a decision is made on using the methods. The cancer patient and the concerned health care providers ought to discuss the associated harms and benefits of the nutrition support methods.
Enteral Nutrition
Enteral nutrition is a form of tube feeding. The enteral nutrition involves giving the cancer patients nutrients that are in liquid form through a tube placed in the small intestine or stomach. The types of feeding tubes administered to patients are:
A Nasogastric Tube
The tube is inserted through the nose. The pipe goes through the throat down into the stomach and small intestine in some cases. The tube is temporarily used when the enteral form of nutrition is only required for a short duration of time such as few weeks (Peto, 1981).

A Gastrostomy Tube
The tube is inserted to the small intestine through a small opening made on the abdomen. This form of the tube is administered for the long term enteral feeding on patients who it is impossible to use the tube in the throat and nose (Peto, 1981).
Parenteral Nutrition
Parenteral nutrition process usually carries the nutrients into the blood stream directly. It is administered when the cancer patient is unable to take food using the mouth or through the enteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition does not involve the use of the stomach and intestines in digesting food. The nutrients are usually given to the cancer patients directly into the blood stream using a thin tube (catheter) inserted into the blood veins (Abdulla, 2000). The nutrients that are injected into the blood stream include vitamins, proteins, minerals and fats.

Parenteral nutrition is essential to patients who need the nutritional support for more than five days. The catheter is usually placed into a blood vein on the chest or the arm. Another central catheter is usually fixed beneath the skin into a vein on the chest by a surgeon. This form of the catheter is usually applied for long term parenteral nutrition. A peripheral catheter is usually placed to a vein on the arm by trained medical personnel. This form of the catheter is applied for the short term parenteral nutrition (Peto, 1981).

Cancer Treatment Effects on Nutrition
Chemotherapy and Nutrition
Chemotherapy process on the cancer patients affects the cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy usually affects the fast growing cells in the body. The process is used treating cancer because the cancer cells usually grow and multiply quickly. The healthy body cells that typically grow and multiply quickly may be killed during the process. These cells include the cells in the mouth, hair follicles and digestive tract.
Chemotherapy usually affects nutrition of the cancer patients. Chemotherapy process may lead to side effects that bring about problems associated with digestion and eating. When anticancer drugs are administered, side effects may be observed on the cancer patients. The side effects on the patients include:
Sores and inflammation in the mouth.

Loss of appetite.
Constipation.
Changes in the food tastes.
Diarrhea.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Nutrition therapy is usually used to relieve the nutrition problems due to chemotherapy. The patients with side effects of chemotherapy may not eat normally and obtain all the required nutrients needed in restoring the healthy blood count between the treatments. Nutrition therapy is used in:
Relieving the side effects.
Helping the cancer patients to recover from the chemotherapy treatment.
Preventing weight loss.
Preventing treatment delays.
Maintaining the general health.
The nutrition therapy on the cancer patients includes: providing nutrition supplement such as drinks between meals, using enteral nutrition and changing the patient’s diet such as taking small meals throughout.

Radiation Therapy and Nutrition
The treatment process using radiation therapy usually affects both the healthy cells and cancer cells in the areas of treatment. The damage amounts of the cells usually depend on the body part that is treated and the cumulative radiation dose given to the patient (Abdulla, 2000). Radiation therapy usually affects the patient nutrition.
Radiation therapy that is done to any digestive system part is often associated with side effects that lead to nutrition problems. The side effects usually begin some few weeks after the radiation therapy has started and some few weeks after the therapy is finished. Other side effects of radiation therapy may continue for several months and years after the therapy treatment ends.

The common side effects of radiation therapy include:
Loss of appetite.
Dry mouth or thick saliva.
Infection of the esophagus.
The Esophageal reflux.
Pain when swallowing.
Inflamed intestines or rectum.
Sore mouth and gums.
Decrease in the quantity of nutrients absorbed.

The nutrition therapy is usually administered to help in relieving nutrition problems that are as a result of radiation therapy. The nutrition therapy used in the radiation treatment process will help the patient in getting enough calories and proteins in getting through the treatment (Peto, 1981). The treatment will also help in preventing the loss of weight, help in the healing of wounds and skin and maintaining the general body health.
Nutrition in Cancer Prevention
Special Nutritional Needs of Cancer survivors

The cancer survivors usually have particularly peculiar nutrition requirements. Individual requires a healthy diet and sufficient exercise. This will enable them to have good health and aid in prevention of diseases. The cancer survivors usually possess specific health requirements. This is due to the risks of the recurrence of cancer and the late effects of the treatment. Studies show that a healthy nutritional diet will help in preventing the late effects including heart disease, obesity and metabolic syndrome. According to the American Cancer Society (2005), the researchers are in the process of studying whether some exercise and diet habits in the cancer survivors will be appropriate in preventing cancer from recurring or prevent new form of cancers from developing.

Healthy Diet and Lifestyle Can Improve Survivor’s Quality Of Life
The cancer survivors’ lifestyle habits and healthy diet can substantially improve their quality of life. Surveys have shown that most cancer survivors are not following the cancer prevention guidelines (Abdulla, 2000). The cancer survivors also engage in lifestyle behaviors that increase their chance for the late effects of cancer and making the late effects worse. Information and education programs will help cancer survivors realize how behavior changes will help them in keeping healthier. More programs covering diet, stress management and exercises are likely to be helpful in ensuring the cancer survivors adopt lasting changes.

Nutrition after Treatment Ends
When the cancer treatment ends, the survivors should adopt a balanced eating plan. The eating plan should comprise of all the essential nutrients. The nutrients include fluids, proteins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.
Creating a Nutritious Balanced Eating Plan
A balanced eating plan for cancer survivors from a dietitian will be as follows;
Breakfast
The breakfast should include the following:
Ground almonds, oats and smoothie with fruit.
Cooked cereal with soymilk, yogurt or rice milk.
Wheat free toast, avocado sardines, baked beans, hummus, and nut butter.
Mushroom, poached eggs, tomato and spinach.
Lunch
Salads, rice, lentil, roast vegetable, chicken and beans.
Wheat free salad, chicken sandwich, salmon and pumpernickel bread.
Savory rice or millet, chilly beans, lentil and vegetable curry.
Soup such as lentil and veggie soup, minestrone, borscht and pumpkin.
Steamed vegetables, lemon dressing and olive oil.

Dinner
Fry vegetables, fish and brown rice with tofu.
Soups including vegetables and legumes.
Baked grilled fish, lean meats with salad, vegetables or rice.
Marinated tofu, fish cakes, lentil burgers and vegetable salad.
Snacks
Handful of seeds and nuts such as almonds and pumpkin seeds.
Protein energy drink, vegetable juice.
Wholegrain homemade bran muffin.
Low sugar fruits such as apples and grapefruits.
Natural fresh yoghurt with fresh fruit.
Drinks
Herbal tea.
Dandelion coffee.
Vegetable juices.
Filtered water.
Lemon juice in water.

The balanced diet plan has foods that have all the essential components. Proteins are needed for the body growth, repair of body tissue and maintenance of the immune system. Plenty of fluids are paramount to quality health. Carbohydrates and fats provide the body with the required energy. Vitamins and minerals are required for the body growth and development. Taking a balanced diet from the variety of foods will help a cancer survivor to improve on his health.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the American Cancer Society (2005) provides cancer prevention guidelines. The society proposes that eating plant based diet with at least three servings of vegetables and fruits will keep cancer at bay. They also suggest on eating less meat, less salt and fats, regular exercise, and avoiding alcohol and smoking in the aim of preventing cancer.

References
Abdulla, M. (2000). Role of diet modification in cancer prevention. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishers Company.
American Cancer Society. (2005, June). Nutrition for the Person with Cancer: A Guide for Patients and Families. Retrieved October 7, 2012, http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46447&version=Patient&language=English.
Peto, R. (1981). The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today. Michigan: Home Park Publications.

11
Nutrition in Cancer Care

1
Running Head: Nutrition in Cancer Care

Healthy Habits

Behavior Change Towards Healthy Habits
A large percentage of the disease related burden, which is facing most people today results from unhealthy behaviors (WHO, 2001). Some of these behaviors include use of drugs, such as alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, among other drugs. Moreover, the diseases are caused by other bad behaviors like poor diet as well as lack of exercise.

The solution to the above problems may look very easy; however, changing the behavior of an individual is not as easy as it may seem to be. This is because some of the behaviors are addictive in nature. In addition, it is difficult to change the living circumstances of an individual as some may be due to their socio-economic situations. Therefore, there is a need to identify effective strategies, which can be employed in order to change these behaviors (Martin, Zolnierek & DiMatteo, 2010).
The best strategy to be employed is the one that will focus on increasing the length of the life of the people as well as ensuring that they remain healthy and productive. Before embarking on correcting the behaviors of the people through education, there is a need to understand the causes of their behavior. Therefore, it would be necessary to first understand the internal psychological factors, which influences these behaviors. This will help to know the most effective intervention methods to apply in order to change the behaviors.

Basing on the above points, provision of relevant education is among the first strategies to be used. There is a need to carry out educative campaigns on the importance pursuing healthy habits. This will help in increasing the awareness about the sensitivity of the matter. In addition to education, there is a need to understand the role played by confidence and motivation in changing the behaviors of individuals. Therefore, focus should be given on the intervention methods, which will motivate individuals to quit the unhealthy behaviors. This can be achieved by setting up a well-organized national leadership system, with well-defined roles.

Does Poor People Care About Being Healthy?
It is evident from research that people with low incomes always tend to have poor outcomes for mortality and health (Morone & Jacobs, 2005). On the other hand, people with higher incomes usually have relatively better outcomes. This has led to questions emerging as to whether poor people really care about being healthy or not? My answer is no. It is not the choice of the poor people to be unhealthy.

There are a number of bad behaviors, which results in bad health. These include smoking, alcohol drinking, eating unbalanced diet, among others. It is true that someone can choose to avoid such lives. Therefore, we can easily argue that any person that is living unhealthy life due to the above conditions can as well decide to live a healthy life by avoiding them. This will include the poor.
The above argument is very wrong to be applied to the poor people. Poverty has always created an ill health (Carrin, 2004). This is because poverty forces these people to live in the environments that easily make them sick. Poor people will always stay in environments without decent shelter, adequate sanitation, or clean water. Moreover, they cannot access balanced diet, and eat whatever they have to avoid starvation.

Apart from that, the poor are always worried about how they will survive the next day. They are always worried about the problems affecting them such that they cannot be mentally as well as emotionally stable. They may find themselves doing unhealthy activities, such as use of drugs in order to forget their problems. This further worsens their health. In summary, it is wrong to say that the poor can live a healthy life if they choose. This is because they are forced by the situations.

References
Carrin, G. (2004). Health financing for poor people: resource mobilization and risk sharing. Washington, DC: The World Bank [u.a.].
Evaluation in health promotion: principles and perspectives. (2001). Copenhagen: WHO, Regional office for Europe.
Martin, L. R., Zolnierek, K. B., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2010). Health behavior change and treatment adherence: evidence-based guidelines for improving healthcare. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morone, J. A., & Jacobs, L. R. (2005). Healthy, wealthy & fair health care and the good society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

HEALTHY HABITS 2

Running head: HEALTHY HABITS 1

Weight management

Introduction
Weight management is the approach to health care delivery that is mainly concerned with facilitating the maintenance of proper percentage in body composition and the body weight. Weight management enables people to understand their body needs so that they control their consumption rates of food. Overconsumption of food may lead to too much weight while taking less food may make people underweight. Body fat also known as adipose tissue or fat depot is a loose connective tissue found in the body and it usually contains adiposities. The body fat consists of lean tissue and fat tissue. Their main function of the body fat is to insulate the body and store energy in the form of lipids. (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2010)

The percentage of body fat in the body of human beings varies and generally depends on gender and age. A newborn baby has low body fat levels which increases tremendously for the first one year of his/her life, as the child grows up the body fat decreases due to muscles mass rise up. During teen years, teenagers usually records increased body weights whereby male gains more muscle mass while their female counterparts adds more fats to their tissues. When they are fully grown up women stores more fats in their bodies than men, it has been observed that the healthy level of body fats of young adult man should range from ten percent to twenty percent of their total weight. Young female grown up normally shows a slightly higher percentage measurement ranging twenty to thirty percent of their total weights. (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2010).

The lean tissue part of the body fat comprises of the internal organs, body fluids, bones and the muscles, with time people grow old and their body fat goes up while the lean body mass drops down. This is a slow process taking place regardless of weight loss or gain; only physical activity can correct this kind of a mess. The desired amount of body fat in the body can be greatly balanced by the kind of life style people to choose to live by. Long distance runners and footballers adopt different ways of maintaining the body fat levels, some long distance runners usually prefers a low body fat which may range from fifteen to twenty percent to enable them carry less weight. The percentage may seem very small but it is enough to support normal hormonal activity and insulate the body on top of supplying essential amount of energy required for sustaining the throughout competition they are involved in. (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2010).Weight can be categorized into:

Underweight
This is a term usually refers to as person weighing less than what is expected of a healthy person due to the under consumption of food or unavailability of adequate food. People under this category are advised to increase the amount of food they consume
Overweight
Overweight is having a lot of total body weight that includes fats, bones, muscles, and water, i.e. weighing too much. It arises when people become so inactive and are subjected to plenty of food and they employ poor eating habits. A very healthy body only needs a small amount of fats for its proper functioning.

Normal weight
This is the weight that healthy person settles to when engages in physical activities and consistently eats nutritious and balanced diet.
To determine body weight, body mass index is used whereby you can measure your weight in pounds and the height in inches, divide your weight by your height and then divide the answer by your height again and multiple the answer by a figure of seven hundred and three. For personalities over the age of twenty who are very healthy the body mass index should from 18.5 to 24.9. (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2004)

Obesity
Obesity is a specific term normally meaning an excessive amount of body fat. The condition normally occurs when a person consumes more calories than he or she can burn, our bodies require calories to maintain our lives and make us physically active. To get a healthy weight people need to come up with a good balance between the amount of energy we use and the amount we eat, failure to do this results to energy imbalance thus un accounted weight gain and obesity.

Causes of Obesity
Environmental and social factors
Environment as factor causing obesity consist of lifestyle behaviors like level of physical activity, the diet consumed by people and the access to other places. They have greatly influenced obesity, nowadays people prefer driving long distances than walking, others have preferred to live in an environment without sidewalks, while others decides to skip cooking and get some readymade foods, and others have brought vending machines at their places of work to enable them get high fat snacks. The collection of this factor have justified that our environment have not allowed us have some good habits. Social factors like lower levels of education and poverty has encouraged obesity. The high levels of poverty has encouraged use of high calorie processed foods which cost less, this people with low income have unlimited opportunities to good recreational places and facilities.

Genetics
Over the years obesity has affected family linage, this has strongly indicated that obesity is a hereditary factor, the way families use similar eating habits has also contributed to obesity. It is not very easy to change the genetic causes of obesity but the eating habits can be altered.
Cultural factors
Cultural background to different individuals has contributed significantly to how they are going to add weight; this is because they dictate the food specifications for example the amount of fats and salt to be put to the food during its preparations. For a given period of time this may lead to resistance to weight loss efforts. In some family get-together and gatherings a lot of food is made available for consumption and it proofs very hard for someone to observe proper portion control and also the serving sizes. (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2004)

Physiological consequences and health risks of excess body weight
Health consequences of obesity can be attributed to the effects of increased fat mass and the increased number of fat cells. Increased body fat alters the body’s response to insulin leading to insulin resistance. Obesity can cause directly or indirectly increased mental and physical complications.

According to (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2004), Men who are obese are in a more risk of developing cancer in prostate, rectum, and even colon than those men who are not obese, he further indicated that woman who are considered to be obese are too vulnerable to uterus, cervix, or even gallbladder cancer. A host of other medical conditions like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus type two, high blood cholesterol, high triglyceride, and stroke has been associated with obesity. Health experts have unanimously agreed that the more a person is obese, the more likely he or she can develop other health problems which may include;

Gallbladder attack and gallstones diseases which both affect the gallbladder, fatty liver which affect the liver, and pulmonary which causes people to have difficulty in breathing while sleeping. Associated with obesity is the reproductive complication in women like infertility and irregular menstrual cycles. Over years, the obese people have complained of Gout, a disorder that affects the joints. As a result of excess weight in their joints obese people are affected by osteoarthritis which makes their joints deteriorate. Gastoesophageal reflux, a condition that occurs in the lower esophageal sphincter making the stomach contents leak back to the esophagus has resulted from excess amount of body fat.

Obesity reduces life expectancy by six to seven years; it is one of the leading preventive causes of death all over the world. Obesity also increases the risk of developing infections and poor healing after a surgery; being obesity increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2004)
Diabetes mellitus
This is a disease in which the blood glucose level in the body is very high, glucose is a kind of sugar that travels in the blood and it is normally delivered to the cells to serve as fuel. Blood glucose goes up immediately after a meal; this in return triggers the release of insulin. Too much food may lead to release of more insulin, over working the pancreas leading to kidney failure, heart disease, and blindness.

Heart disease
Diseases of the heart and circulatory system are increased by obesity; extra body fat in the body makes the heart to extremely work hard to perform the extra duty assigned to it by the more amount of body fat. (Smolin &Grosvenor, 2004)
Current nutritional theories and recommendations for maintaining healthy weight
Adequate nutrients within calorie needs
A healthful diet should contain all the nutrients that are required for growth and a healthy living, the calorie intake should be in a good balance with the calorie needs by the body. Nutrients from food are so special because they contain a lot phytochemicals and other naturally occurring substance which may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Recommendations
Adopt a balanced diet eating pattern, by consuming a nutrient dense food, drinks and other foods that hinders the consumption of saturated fats, alcohol, salt, and added sugars.( Insel et al, 2010 p 35-39)
The consumption of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are very crucial source of energy for the body, foods with high carbohydrate content normally acts as an important source of fiber. A diet with a lot of fiber reduces the risks of chronic diseases; however, a high intake of carbohydrate in form of sugar can increase calories in the body without providing nutrients.

Recommendations
You should at all the times make your diet to be rich in vegetables, whole grains and the fruits should be high in fibers. While preparing food and beverages add very little caloric sweeteners and sugars. The consumptions of sugar and starch containing foods should be occasional. .( Insel et al, 2010 p 35-39)
Use of Fats
Fats are very important in our diet but they should be used in small amount to avoid increased blood lipid levels which may increase the risks of heart diseases.
Recommendations
The total amount of fat taken should not exceed thirty five percent of the calories present in the food taken.
Your consumption of cholesterol should be less than three hundred milligrams for each given day and the intake of Trans fatty acids should be as low as possible. (Insel et al, 2010 p35-39)
Alcoholic beverages
Consumption of moderate amount of alcohol helps to lower the risks of chronic diseases, but too much intake may increase the risk of high blood pressure and liver diseases.

Recommendations
Women are advised to consume up to one drink per day while men can drink up to two. People who are not in a position to regulate the intake are advised to quit drinking, while others who are under medication may live to avoid some reactions.( Insel et al, 2010 p 35-39)
Food safety theory
One of the most important ways of avoiding foodborne diseases is by practicing proper food handling techniques.

Recommendations
Make sure that food contact services are washed thoroughly, meat and poultry should not be washed and remember to handle food always with clean hands.
All food should be cooked to safe temperatures to kill microorganisms, raw, cooked, and ready to eat food should be separated. ( Insel et al, 2010 p 35-39)
Sodium and potassium consumption
High consumption of sodium chloride commonly known as salt increase the chances of getting high blood pressure, and to counter this people are being told to eat less salt and more potassium

Recommendations
You should consume one tablespoon of salt per day, by choosing to prepare food with little salt. Also take a lot of fruits and vegetables to supplement you with potassium. ( Insel et al, 2010 p 35-39)
Psychosocial principles in weight management
Psychosocial factors are factors that affect a person socially or psychologically. The psychosocial consequence of excess body weight includes; body image disparagement, impaired quality of life, job strain low social support and depression.

Person-centered therapy
Over the years nutrition counselors have enabled people come up with a more attainable ways of solving their personal problems by assessing their current eating habits and advising them to change the whole thing starting from negative thoughts to a positive one, and this proved to be the first positive step in the personal reinforcement skills. The use of person centered therapy completely improves the lifestyle of people and alters their priorities. (Snetslaar, 2009)

Family therapy
Family therapy main objective is to help families and some individuals to change themselves and their current ways of living. The most common way of practicing the family therapy is through an open and closed questioning. To obtain this, family role playing technique is employed whereby the positive outcome of a behavior change are highlighted and the family members are also encouraged to go on with the same positive approach. (Snetslaar, 2009)

Gestalt therapy
This is a popular form therapy whereby the people affected by weight problems are encouraged to experience the current problems rather than think of the past weight problems or foresee some future problems. Gestalt therapy involves asking people how some factors which are not recommended can contribute to their dietary problems, once the answer is established they are now encouraged to talk responsibility and come up with new dietary habits. (Snetslaar, 2009)

Social Learning Theory
This is a theory that encourages people to learn through copying other people positive behaviors for healthy weight. People engage has a group whereby participants express their experience which may include some cumbersome ones. Members present may see the difficult situations as easy and it enable them to succeed. (Snetslaar, 2009)

Physiologic influence of aerobic, anaerobic and resistance training in weight management
Aerobic exercise
This is form of exercise that involves activities which require good amount of oxygen for the complete breakdown of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to carbon dioxide and water. These activities include; walking, running, or also dancing. The amount of exercise that is necessary to maintain a constant body weight always increases with age and it is influenced by the lifestyle employed. Through aerobic exercise the amount of adipose tissue present in the abdomen are reduced to small levels or even reduced completely. Regular running, walking, and even dancing can alter the composition of body fat reducing them significantly. Coupled with a good dietary energy, aerobic exercise reduces the risks of complications like diabetes because it minimizes the fat tissues and increases the muscle tissues

Recommendations
Since aerobic exercise raises the amount of oxygen, it improves the functioning of the lungs and the heart, by so doing it lowers the levels of cholesterol and blood pressure while improving mood and sleep.
If moderated for more ten minutes climbing stairs, swimming, playing with children can become a very good form of aerobic exercise.
People should do a moderately intense aerobic exercise for at least twenty five minutes a day for up five days a week. (Bernstein & Luggen, 2009 p 344)
Anaerobic exercise
This is form of exercise that occurs without requiring oxygen supply; it usually comprises of high intensity and short term activities like jumping, weightlifting and sprinting. Anaerobic exercise enables people with weak muscles, impairment of cardiovascular activity, and those with limited functional system and disabled to handle them accordingly.

Recommendations
It is a very good way exercising because people of up ninety years can use and it also enables the disabled to do some exercise. Anaerobic training is very important in maintaining preventive health procedures to people of all ages. (Bernstein & Luggen, 2009 p 344)
Resistance training
Resistance training works under the principle of overload whereby a heavier load than the personal weight is applied to allow the body to adapt to it, after the adaptation has taken place the body is subjected to stress gradually. This form of training brings in some more weight and improves muscle growth and strength.

Recommendations
It the best way of recovering lost muscles and bone mass.
Choose a resistance training method that is best for you, do it ten times and repeat it up to fifteen times for more two times a week. (Bernstein & Luggen, 2009 p 338)
Methods for determining healthy weight
Body mass index
Body mass index is a gauge for dietary position that is obtained from the measurement of height and weight; this method can also be used to get hold of rough estimates of body composition. To get your body mass index, measure your weight in pounds and the height in inches, divide your weight by your height and then divide the answer by your height again and multiple the answer by a figure of seven hundred and three.

Advantages
Very accurate when used with other apparatus
Provides some dependable guidelines for determining a healthy weight
Disadvantages
It is not a gender specific
It does not account for weight gains from fat and muscles
Waist circumference
This is the measure of abdominal cinch taken at the narrowest part of the waist as examined from the frontage. It helps to find out how body fat is distributed in the body.
Advantages
Very simple technique
Predicts associated health risks
Can easily be accessed
Disadvantage
Not accurate since it has to be used together with body mass index. (Al-masri & Bartlet, 2010 p 135)
Waist to hip ratio
This is the comparison between the hip girth and the waist belt, to provide information on how fat deposition is distributed in the body.

Advantage
Very simple
Highly accessible
Disadvantage
It may not provide accurate information of the fat patterns in the body.(Al-masri & Bartlet, 2010 p 135)
Hazards of various fad weight loss diet
Fad diets are usually defined as weight a loss program that assures the user to lose weight quickly without involving more energy.
Dehydration
Dehydration is the excessive loss of weight as a result of loss of water and fluids in the body, prolonged use of the fat diet can lead to dehydration and dehydration itself is life threatening.
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the process in which proteins are broken down to amino acids by some actions of enzymes; use of fat diet has lead to the loss of muscle protein making people very weak
Hypertension
Hypertension is a situation whereby the blood pressure during each heartbeat is usually very low meaning the brain, the heart, and other parts of the body do not get good supply of blood.
Liver and kidney failure
Constant use of fat diet has lead to the complications of the liver and the kidney and as a result of this the kidney and the liver of some people has failed. (Al-masri & Bartlet, 2010 p 135)

Conclusion
Weight management is a very important activity that people who are underweight, overweight, and obese should employ. Fad diet weight loss be avoided as it is easy to distinguish because it usually recommends for eliminating certain types of food and claims a weight loss of two pounds per given week of intake.

References
Smolin, A &Grosvenor, B. (2010). Nutrition and Weight ManagementHealthy Eating: A Guide to Nutrition. New York: InfoBase Publishing, 2010.
(Insel et al, 2010). Nutrition. New York: Jones and Bartlett learning, 2010.
Al-Masri, L &Bartlett S, (2010). 100 Questions & Answers about Sports Nutrition and Exercise 100 questions & answer. New York: Jones and Bartlett learning, 2010.
Bernstein, M &Luggen, S. (2009). Nutrition for the older adult. New York: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2009.
Snetselaar G .L, (2009. Nutrition counseling skills for the nutrition care process. New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009.

Weight management 1