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Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on Urban Use of Photovoltaic (PV) Panels

Thursday, 09 June 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Urban Use of Photovoltaic (PV) Panels

Introduction and Background on Renewable Energy
Studies indicate that the sharp increase in prices of fossil fuel, especially oil,’ natural gas,’ uranium,’ and coal,’ has underlined the importance for every state to shift focus on the development of other alternative energy sources. The price increases by having devastating impacts on developing nations as they ruin the economy in many ways (Chiras 2006, p.98). For instance, in such nations, choices will be divided between fuel and food, healthcare, education, and other essentials, which mean that high fossil fuel prices lead to stagnant economic growth.

This points out those renewable dynamism wealth need precedence since; the severe health and ecological penalties that originates from fossil fuel burning practiced in every key emerging realm. The other issue is that the awe-inspiring systematic indication that anthropological’ releases of conservatory gases from carbon burning has high intimidating disastrous consequences from speedy environment alteration (Balfour 2012, p.75).

Additionally, the extraordinary rate, ecological damages,’ and safety coercions regarding nuclear power, prompts nations to opt for sustainable and renewable energy sources a priority. Studies indicate that the world has begun responding to such imperatives, where an almanac venture in renewable energy was estimated at about $18 billion worldwide, in the last decade and this is set to rise rapidly in recent times. Accordingly, in both developed as well as in developing countries, even if renewable resources are the most fast rising energy springs, they still have not grasped someplace closer to their technical economic potential. Globally, the portion of renewable wealth interpretations is only about three per cent of the entire universal dynamism quantity (Gesellschaf 2008, p.56).

Furthermore, renewable wealth holds a great potential for conference the dynamism and growth needs of all states internationally. This is significant particularly for emerging republics where promise has not achieved to vestige energy supremacy and the rural areas may be helped more economically than with conventional resources; kerosene and diesel fuel. However, use of renewable wealth in developing states has industrialized conspicuously in the past period (Kemp 2007, p.78). As such, numerous states have momentous renewable fixings and packages that show signs of change from conventional (fossil) energy sources.

Some studies in the last period more than fifty million families were served by small hydro community gauge and public small grids, and about ten million families got light from biogas. On the other hand, about one point five million households had solar photovoltaic household arrangements or planetary lights. Furthermore, it was found that wind turbines drove about a million water pump projects and about twenty thousand water pumps were powered by solar photovoltaic sources. On top of that, thousands of societies got imbibing water from planetary power photovoltaic sources. A case in hand, because of exemplary renewable energy programs that India established, it has become a demonstration of numerous actions that can make packages fruitful.

Basing on this, India has developed to one of the biosphere bests in the use of renewable dynamism causes. The country has founded in renewable dynamism requests research through its Tata investigation establishment (Balfour 2011, p.110). Perhaps, India is the only republic in the biosphere to have introduced a cabinet-level’ section for the foundation of endorsing renewable dynamism expertise. Through such labors, the state has about four million domestic size biogas florae and about thirty-two million contemporary chef cooktops including half a million planetary driven ovens. Amazingly, the country generates around fifty-eight megawatts of photovoltaic installations. (Schaeffer 2008, p.69) This shows the potential that renewable energy, especially solar energy can have on the energy sector of a country. Additionally, in countryside zones of all states, sustainable energy wealth are always far much cheaper than conventional resources having their on transmission and distribution requirements based on heavy capital costs for the generating equipment.

Studies indicate that the most beneficial and extensively used renewable wealth for energy in emerging countries are; planetary, biomass,’ wind,’ and smaller hydroelectric’ assets. For instance, wind dynamism for energy manufacture is an established and modest effluence free expertise that is broadly consumed in numerous portions of the biosphere. Wind power is the debauched rising energy equipment in the world (Scheckel 2013, p.45). On the other hand, biomass utilization is a precisely gorgeous energy reserve for developing states because biomass’ consumptions indigenous feedstock’s and labor. Biomass produces large quantities of energy through various production materials like biogas for cooking stoves, ethanol for blending with gasoline for vehicle use. Countries like China and Brazil (sixty percent of its main energy supplies) have shown the capability of biomass in production of both fuel and electric energy. Essentially, basing on the paper`s theme, it is worthwhile to look at the background behind solar energy, in which photovoltaic panels play a key role in harnessing the great energy resource. Studies indicate that solar energy presents great growth opportunities in developing countries as they fall in the Sunbelt.

Subsequently, solar photovoltaic energy is extraordinarily useful in rural areas that are unnerved by electric grids for provision of basic services. These services include; irrigation,’ refrigeration,’ communications,’ and lighting.’ There has been is an estimate of more than one and a half truckload planetary photovoltaic household structures and planetary lamps that exist in countryside zones in emerging states in the last decade. Generally, planetary updraft energy is predominantly suitable to the huge plea for warmth and warm water in native, farming, manufacturing and moneymaking subdivisions of the frugality. Photovoltaic (PV) can be applied successfully for many functions, which include; liquid warming, manufacturing procedure reheating, aeration, cooling and air habituation.

In addition it can also be applied successfully for water desalination and purification (by employing solar ponds), pumping water and importantly power generation. Globally, there is an estimated fifteen truckload native planetary warm liquid gatherers that are installed and about a third of them are installed in developing countries. Planetary energy habitually is far more competent that existing energy uses; this is in terms of illumination, a photovoltaic compressed glowing light structure is a hundred percent intervals more competent than fuel, used in countryside zones for night light in developing countries. With this, this prompts the discussion this paper to look at the advantages of photovoltaic (PV) panels in terms of solar energy as a source of power for many uses in domestic and industrial or commercial facilities.

The figure below figure below shows the impact of the number of peak hours and its implications it has on the overall power harnessed. This shows areas of total solar irradiation areas for maximum utilization of solar panels and this is important during installation (Balfour 2011, p.85).

Advantages of photovoltaic (PV) panels
Studies reveal that, although some form of solar control has been accessible for years, the know-how has only lately expanded conventional approval and as a result, it fascinated the attention of major efficacy corporations. Essentially, basing on every kilowatt, solar power has remained exclusive comparative to conservative bases like coal and regular gas. However, its general price carries on reducing at a rapid rate. Further, as planetary power becomes an progressively important constituent of a country`s energy mixture, it is important to consider the main advantages or benefits of PV panel solar power.

To begin with, homeowners and business owners that install solar power on their facilities have been found to enjoy more equitable relationships with their local utilities in numerous portions of the biosphere. Whereas conservative preparations between efficacies and their clienteles necessitate the customers to become wholly dependent on the utilities, solar power users gain a measure of independence from their utilities. In essence, even if customers` solar panels do not yield all of the power that they requisite on an everyday basis, they will need to buy less conservative power. Hence, if the customers yield more power than they require, their efficacies may truly recompense them for the power produced in excess at a changing comprehensive amount. Evidently, for money- strapped proprietors, this can turn into a noteworthy basis of income.

Another benefit regards healthy financial incentives, where alongside with much state assistance, the central government bids good-looking grants for secluded individuals who fix solar plates or solar warming gadgets in their households; this is a case of the United States. Furthermore, in certain jurisdictions, substantial grants may be accessible for trades. As it is these incentives for the United States permit solar power consumers to request tax tributes in percentage to the sum of generation volume that they have installed on their facilities. Thus, the benefit of decreasing solar power installation charges and increase the effectiveness of the technology too many people and the nation at large.

Subsequently, photovoltaic solar panels and in particular solar power has minimal environmental impact. Essentially, although the fabrication of solar plates need some contributions of fresh resources and energy, solar power`s ecological influence is very insignificant. Additionally, the technology procures not any of the carbon, or particulate discharges, which fossil coals discharge, and it does not request huge scale excavating or boring processes to make installations. Since plates selections can be located on roofs or remote desert zones, solar power`s corporal footmark is practicable as well. On the other hand, there is an added advantage of labor intensive production regimes. With this, the solar power industry`s modernization appliance has caused the formation of tens of thousands of occupations in the last period only. Arguably, advocates of conservative energy machineries disapprove that the solar business terminates extra fossil fuel associated careers than it generates; this is a deceptive assertion. Studies affirm that solar pane making is just a minor side of a complete business that stresses influence from system specialists, salespeople, battery-operated storing inventors and other significant performers.

Finally, the other advantage involves geopolitical benefits, where since fossil fuel age, a country like the United States` dependence on unbalanced or antagonistic republics to source oil, gas and other energy assets came with lots of misfortune. As a result, the nation`s governmental and commercial frontrunners have been frequently required to make unpleasant negotiations with shaded or perilous merrymakers in order to pledge stable energy importations. However, solar energy has great advantages over fossil fuel in light with the troubles of such kind. For instance, since, solar power that the United States wants can be comfortably produced within the nation`s personal boundaries, the equipment has the latent to disregard this less than perfect dependence on faulty thespians. Hence, at the end, such a progress might raise the financial and physical safety of every American resident; and on a global scale, developing countries could have a lot of money usually spend on oil imports to develop others sectors.

Disadvantages of PV Panels as a Source of Energy
Studies affirm that, while photovoltaic cells or panels are used to produce clean energy, there are some potential pollution problems that are inherent in their assembly. Subsequently, one immediate concern that may be overcome as solar and other green energy sources become more prominent features of electrical infrastructures around the world, is that conventional forms of energy are required to power the production and assembly of solar panels. Thus, even if one purchases a photovoltaic panel array to reduce personal contributions to environmental pollution, that array might have been probably produced using electricity from fossil fuels or nuclear fission. Further, some toxic substance like cadmium, lead, mercury, silicon, and arsenic are utilized in creating photovoltaic panels. These chemical elements have potential to cause pollution and environmental destruction if they are discarded improperly. This is because pollution in the environment leads to adverse conditions that even affect the quality and efficiency of photovoltaic cells.

On the other hand, the initial cost of purchasing and installing solar panels always become the first disadvantage when the subject of PV panels emerges (Vanek 2008, p.48). On the other hand, even if subsidy programs, tax initiatives, and rebate incentives are offered by government to endorse the consumption of solar panels, it is still way to far or behind in making full and efficient use of solar energy. The other disadvantage revolves around location, where the location of solar panels is of vital importance in the generation of electricity. Areas that linger mostly overcast and bewildered will produce power but at a condensed frequency and may necessitate more boards to generate enough power for a home or business competence. Again, houses that are under the cover of trees, landscapes and other buildings may not be suitable enough to produce solar power conveniently; thus, others area will completely be locked out (Antony 2007, p.54).

The disadvantage revolves around the issue of inefficiency, here since not all the light from the sun is absorbed by the solar panels, thus most panels have a forty percent efficiency rate, which implies that sixty percent of the sunlight gets wasted and it is not harnessed. New emerging technologies have however, increased the arte of efficiency of solar panels to double digits up to eighty percent, but on the down side, the technology has caused the rise in the cost of solar panels at the same time. Further still, for home users, a solar energy installation may not require huge space but for large businesses, a large area is required for the system to be more efficient improving a source of electricity ton run various process on the facility. Finally, concerning difficulties, unlike other renewable foundations, which can also be functioned during the evening, solar plates prove to be impractical during the dark. This means that the user has to depend on the local utility grid to draw power at night, and additionally power storage systems like battery increase the cost of acquiring and installing solar panels, especially for larger uses.

Confines of Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Studies reveal that, a number of limitations that work against the consumption of renewable wealth; especially photovoltaic solar panels, as sources of energy. To begin with, there is a deficiency of data by the civic, and equally much regime, commercial and industrial energy representatives, concerning the obtainability, charges, and reimbursements of renewable energy expertise. Evidently, it is has been found out that dearth of acquaintance by venture architects and bosses of the communal and dynamism linked requirements of urban communities and rural communities (Scheuten 2009, p. 46). This concerns in what way to acclimate ventures to chance the requests and involvement of stakeholders and communities in designing projects. At this point, failure of public involvement is the greatest noteworthy blockade; if the ventures nosedive to light the native requests for which they are envisioned, such letdowns can obstruct renewable energy applications for many years. There is a letdown of getting the prices right, particularly altering the liveliness marketplace when deeply backed customary energy is likened to renewable dynamism choices (Boxwell 2010, p.59).

Subsequently, the catastrophe to worth all wealth on a lifecycle fee foundation captivating externality’ charges to humanity, adds onto the limitations associated with prices (Redd 2012, p.63). Generally, there is partiality for known relic wealth over fresher renewable resources by administration, saleable, and manufacturing representatives blamable for making vigor decisions and by investment, including other bankrolling representatives. Another, discernment beside sporadic energy sources such as a planetary and breeze control by puddle influence correspondents; this includes conveniences and régime procurement interventions, even when these possessions are often obtainable at highest periods of thump necessities.

Essentially, correspondents often need promises of handiness with consequences for letdown to fulfill that are irrational interconnection requirements like excessive standby rates. The other motive is price retrieval through immovable inevitable duties, which increase reimbursement epochs to sporadic capitals benefactors and exit fees indicted the irregular producers to reimburse for shipwrecked prices that are fabricated. On the other hand, govern representatives often oblige unduly onerous endorsement necessities for interlinking of sporadic wealth (Kurokawa 2003. P.5).

Further, contributors, servicers, and administration gaining controllers, all typically nosedive to recognition recurrent wealth with the reimbursements they offer like purging of contamination releases, deterrence of clout outpouring, energy variety and lack of energy charges. There is the occurrence of enormous well-financed auctions services for predictable energy properties, and infrequently a pecuniary stake by energy decision producers in these foundations. Further still, there is scantiness of trades teams for renewable dynamism wealth and deficiency of fiscal and dogmatic thump to promote them successfully. Another restraint is that there is deficiency of workers proficient in the fitting, procedure and upkeep of renewable energy apparatus. Moreover, there is deficiency of knowledge and trained personnel in the bankrolling instruments accessible to sustain renewable dynamism wealth. Finally, there is small amount of research and development effort and funding that is dedicated to refining renewable expertise.

Current State of Technological Development of Photovoltaic (Pv) Panels
Research reveals that the worldwide power intake currently is estimated to be 15TW, the immense majority of which is produced by the ignition of fossil fuels. Nevertheless, solar photovoltaic has been increasing at an average degree of forty percent every year for the past era, with yearly deliveries surpassing 8GW in 2009. Statistics show that, that the number is anticipated to double in the coming years. Additionally, the market is self-assured for more expansion in the subsequent period as PV conversions from a subsidized product to one that offers complete economic benefit. Furthermore, efficiency, materials, and production costs are currently the biggest levers managing the cost of the solar power. In most cases, the champion cells have faced little or no advancements over the past years while economies of scale and advances in production science and technology have fueled the expansion of photovoltaic through the reduction of cost and improvement of module performance.

Therefore, the photovoltaic technologies and developments are at different level. For instance, silicon is the most developed and well acknowledged semiconductors worldwide, benefiting from the eras of development by the integrated circuit industry. Techniques to control and manipulate its components are well developed. Silicon has demonstrated field constancy, and it is the most plentiful semiconductor internationally. Multi-crystalline silicon remains the leading photovoltaic product; even though its market share has currently diminished from values as great as sixty five percent. Therefore, the amalgamation of higher efficiency, lower poly-silicon costs, as well as improvements in wire cutting technology has declined wafer thicknesses and maintained single crystal; silicon competitive. The issues that boundary the glassy silicon currently remains quite the same as those known previous.

The price of the silicon feedstock’ vestiges the main device and manipulates manufacture expenditures. Decreasing the cost of silicon is being followed through a number of ways including refining the feedstock, manufacture of kerfless crackers, and the creation of ultrathin silicon, as well as the use of bifacial compartments or cells. Currently, refinement skills for silicon have been dictated by the Integrated Circuit industry, which hires electronic score silicon with transparency levels of less than 1 ppb. A considerable move happened a few years ago when the PV manufacturing topped the Incorporated Path business as the main purchaser of sophisticated silicon. Regardless of eras of stable development, this change seemingly found silicon dealers by disbelief, resulting into short-term scarcities and price increases. Conversely, silicon foundries have reacted to their leading customer by both snowballing volume and scrutinizing policies to improve solar grade silicon.

Electrical grade silicon is created chiefly using the energy concentrated (>120 kWh/kg) Siemens process (Alan 2008, p.85). New manufacture approaches such as fluidized bed technology are being explored to upgrade metallurgical grade silicon, possibly decreasing these energy necessities by up to a factor of five. Even though less expensive, these practices regularly uphold superior echelons of metals such as Fe’ and Al’ than electronic ranking silicon. Despite the fact these contaminations would be catastrophic in Integrated Circuit manufacturing, such low levels may be bearable in solar cells (Maeda 2010, p.65). An energetic area of research is concentrated on founding the contamination levels, which can be endured by solar cells, as well as inventing handling strategies to alleviate and/or passivate these deficiencies. Such enhancements should lessen both the energy reimbursement time and Eco-toxicity related with silicon manufacture.

In essence, in present times, technologies have grown over time to solve various impending issues affecting renewable energy resources. For instance, kerfless wafer is one of the technologies employed in the creation of relevant elements for the production of photovoltaic cells. Studies show that improvements in wire-saw technology enabled the reduction of wafer thickness to about 180 micrometers presently. This was not however, the best technology as about fifty percent of silicon is lost as silicon kerf. Thus, kerfless wafer’ has the budding of plummeting silicon consumption (Kibert 2012, p.82). This calls for expertise for straight manufacture of wafers from liquesce, which were initially advanced in 70s but are presently in the marketplace after progressive fruition. There are presently two diligently connected expertise; edge-defined,’ film-fed development (EFG) and filament ribbon silicon expertise. Regarding EFG, silicon wafers’ are usually drawn out from liquesce by engaging a graphite die’ through passageway exploit. Since its inception by ASE Americas, Schott solar now employs it for production of photovoltaic panels for domestic and commercial use.

On the other hand, ribbon silicon is where production is achieved through pulling pair of high temperature strings through a crucible of molten silicon, an example of commercial use is found at Evergreen Solar for the production of PV panels for both domestic and commercial use. Accordingly, the two technologies result into the production of vertical sheets of mc-Si of 300 micrometers in thickness and about 100 millimeters in width. Since there is complete elimination of wafer sawing, this has become the most energy efficient mode that produced c-Si. Additionally, it has been found that through these technologies, energy payback times have been reduced to about a year or even less. High efficiency is also achieved through the deposition of a hydrogen rich silicon nitride layer, which serves as an anti-reflection (AR) coating to maximize absorption of sun light rays.

Moreover, these inspections are anticipated to become more cost-viable as drive charges increase, however, enhancements in engineering are vital to help in challenging with outmoded c-Si’ expertise. Hence, further reductions in wafer thickness in addition ton to improvements in quantity are the most important tasks scaling the technologies to the required TW levels. The other technology in PV panel production regards ultrathin silicon, which refers solar cell technology in which photon absorbing silicon layer is between five to fifty micrometers thick. To this end, there are various approaches employed for the fabrication of ultrathin silicon.

The first one involves the engagement of heteroepitaxial’ development followed by the kick off or purging of a sacrificial substrate.’ When the material is developed at a high frequency, it becomes classically polycrystalline,’ compelling use of post-dispensation practices like laser toughening or rapid updraft treating to produce anticipated material superiority. Another related method concerns the unseating of silicon unswervingly on crystal followed by updraft recrystallization’ progression. The third phase involves the flaking of ultrathin silicon’ stratums off of silicon nuggets by engaging a stress-induced’ lift off. In recent times, Silicon Genesis’ introduced a procedure whereby the deliberated stratagem is realized through a mixture of ion’ grafting and updraft handling, creating Kerf-free wafers’ with breadth of about 25 microns.

Concerning module efficiency, even when crystalline solar cell science and technology is perceived to have matured, there is need for enhancing its efficiency at the module level. This is because studies have revealed that modules fall approximately twenty percent short of record values. Thus, efforts for addressing this encompass the improvements regarding front side texturing, backside reflectors integration, and employment of advanced anti-reflection coatings. By reducing, the level of shadowing that is usually associated with front contacts through the line widths or by completely eliminating it using back side contracting schemes. Some studies indicate that, the issue of quantum efficiency in the blue region of the spectrum, which is limited by high absorption and associated recombination in the vicinity of from emitter, can be dealt with by employing the latest advanced.

Here, this is addressed through discerning emitter designs’ and progressive passivation’ stratagems. The other thrust to the improvement of efficiency is majorly focused on the use of advanced photon management techniques. The photon administration procedures employed includes; index matching,’ plasmonics,’ and progressive antireflection coatings’ that at moderates silicon film-thickness’ necessities to the desired echelons. On the other hand, the other important technology is coevaporation, which the process produces globally accredited cells, and it employs variant of three stage process growth. This progression interchanges between copper-rich’ and copper poor’ circumstances to come up with large modicums and classified Ga’ or In’ outline typical of high competence material. However, this technology is faced by a myriad of complexities but there are technological solutions in terms of diagnostics, which include; laser light scattering and thermometry. These technologies are critical for process control in batch process and are adapted in the manufacturing setting to gain the advantages associated with their use. Additionally, fissionable captivation spectroscopy’ and x-ray fluorescence’ are working for the governance of component fluidity and in-line’ coverage of film’ configuration.

The Future Challenges in Developing Photovoltaic Panels Energy Sources
The first challenge revolves around growth of nationwide user amenities for photovoltaic expansion exploration. Since all photovoltaic expertise has mellowed to the level where future, developments will need concurrent optimization of many components that encompass solar cells (Kurokawa 2003. P.6). As such, a state-of-the-art procedure including new elements or material can have high impurity properties and its value cannot be estimated accordingly, only until it is integrated into a whole device structure. However, this poses a critical limitation for both small business and university researchers who cannot maintain the infrastructure of a full solar line.

What is important and at the same time missing, in many countries and especially the United States, is a user facility that may offer strong procedure lines. This would allow investigators could test and develop their innovations, and this forms a critical link in the technology development chain. On the other hand, taking a glimpse at an exemplary archetype involving the nationwide nanotechnology initiative involves manifold regime representatives. These regime representatives help in bankrolling and constructing of the organization for stimulating and enabling research, growth, and nanotechnology expertise transfer. The kind of venture and organization is missing on the side of photovoltaic engineering science. This should have organized facilities, centered on individual process expertise, and the facilities will help in accelerating the rate at which innovation may be harnessed to meet the terawatt’ experience (Kurokawa 2003. P.7). Hence, such investment requires a substantial commitment which is fully permissible a sustainable energy to humankind and clear pecuniary occasions afforded by photovoltaic manufacturing, should become a motivation.

Regarding progressive photon controlling there are many issues to be noted. To begin with, progress and improvements in productivity involves elements or material applied externally to the cell designs, which are extremely optimized. It is important to note that antireflection coatings encompassing multi-layer or nanostructured antireflection coatings can extend photon collection across the spectrum and at diffuse angles beyond normal incidence. Secondly, this can upsurge the trail distance through the absorber’. This is where texturing, microstructures or nanostructure-based on plasmonics divert photons imminent at right slants to the superficial to more oblique positions. Thus, this upsurge the path distances of these photons through the absorber’ and the likelihood of captivation. Essentially, a detailed analysis of thin film engineering indicated that under optimal conditions manufacturing costs could be reduced through economies of scale. However, it is not convincing to expect costs for any technology that requires use of glass and a transparent conducting oxide to be any lower. As such, light-weight substitute that offers equal limpidity, fortification, and updraft constancy would be innovative. This calls innovations in the existing technologies with the aim of making them cost-competitive for primary power generation.

Considering victor productivities that made tableland the sustained reduction in cost in the past decade was utterly to developments in manufacturing expertise. Accordingly, manufacturing and procedure growth is snubbed just as pragmatic grip spinning; however, many basic issues have not been handled. Moreover, growth of modest manufacturing practices calls for urbane archetype, to know how to maintain uniformity in line with space and time. Previous studies have presumed a basic knowledge concerning the process relationship between process conditions and materials chemistry including device perfo4rmance.

This however does not simply exist at satisfactory levels when it comes to thin film technologies. As a result, growth in smart and hypothetically automatic regulator flow would help enable and hasten quantity capacity. Further still, concerning dependability knowledge, studies affirm that, an ignored matter is that the money matters of photovoltaic are projected on appropriate generations, having targets of twenty to third years (Kurokawa 2003. P.9). Thus, vicissitudes that advance competence can only be valuable if the last through. In essence, there are limited tools beyond standard lifetime testing, which can be used with any poise to envisage consistency. This reverberations the incomplete expertise concerning the fundamental instruments answerable for both compartment and component dilapidation. This calls for improved knowledge of these mechanisms and the thermodynamics of their chronological fruition, which is essential for every expertise, and it is critical particularly for emergent tactics.

Hence, novel improvements in analytical tackles to illustrate organizational and electronic vicissitudes as a ruse or segment ages, as well as replicas that precisely designate and envisage conduct would hasten growth in such zones. These are just but a few challenges, extensive examination of the technologies employed in this field will reveal many underlying issues. The many issues hidden are also associated with very many challenges that future advances in regard to photovoltaic developments and applications.

Foreseen Photovoltaic Panels Role Concerning Humanities Near/Long-Term Energy Future
Studies reveal that, the global power consumption has risen for decades and the growth is on the rise in the foreseen future. Shockingly, known traditional fossil fuel resources are decreasing and the world will run short of them in the near future. Additionally, since, the world is facing serious climate change issues because of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, which will continue bringing devastating problems to the earth’s inhabitants in varies ways (Kurokawa 2003. P.10). Thus, clean or green energy sources are the only means by which humanity will be saved. To solve these issues, the word or humanity in the long run will find solutions in renewable energy sources like solar energy harnessed by using photovoltaic panels.

With this, solar power can be more dependable and it will be gathered at various locations that are not now exploited. Studies affirm that, dependable and inexpensive solar energy or power will be harnessed on the moon more than on earth. This clean energy harnessed is able to deliver about twenty trillion watts of power in a year, which is the amount of power that the earth`s population at the time in future will be needing. Planetary solar supremacy construction like the lunar ring’ would be the largest communal organization project in human antiquity. Tis will have the potential eliminate total dependence on fossil fuel forever and allow the world to enjoy clean energy consumptions.

Conclusion
In conclusion, sustainability relates to how any business balance sits activities with environmental conservation or protection. Such establishments deliberate their actions regarding their influence to the biosphere around them. Renewable energy resources are one possible measure taken by energy companies and individuals to produce energy inn the most environmentally friendly manner. To this end, photovoltaic panels are a very important tool for harnessing solar radiations to produce power that is converted to alternating currents for domestic and commercial use in running various appliances.

There are various technological require most employed in creating viable methods and devices for harness this natural and rentable source of energy. Although there are many technologies and specific elements that are utilized for capturing sun`s rays, they face many challenges that have to be addressed well to mitigate various issues like low efficiency and low life span. To this end, the future of photovoltaic panels is bright and if technologies are developed to scale down the cost involved, solar power will be very vital in solving power needs of the world for many generations to come.

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Running head: PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS 1

Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on Renewable Vs Nuclear and Fossil Fuels

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Wednesday, 08 June 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Renewable Energy Vs Nuclear Energy and Fossil Fuels

Introduction
There are various categories of energy, and these include nuclear energy, renewable energy and fossil fuels. Renewable energy is received from various natural sources like hydropower, solar power and wind energy. The other sources of renewable energy are bio fuels, wave action energies and wind energy. Fossil fuels, on the other hand, refer to the carbon based fuels, and they include petroleum, coal and natural gases. They are made from the remains from pre historic times and have been reduced to hydrocarbons over the ages. These include coal and oil. The last category is Nuclear energy which refers to the energy that is created in nuclear reactions. This paper is mainly a discussion of the three types of energies. It mainly focuses on their advantages and disadvantages the final part gives a final view of the best energy source.

Advantages of Renewable energy
The advantage of renewable energy is that it is sustainable, and it never runs out. This can be explained by the example of wind energy. Wind refers to the movement of air along the ground or parallel to the ground. This is a renewable resource because the wind is always blowing in one part of the world if not another. It is a fact that there is a wind blowing every minute of every day in one part of the world.

Linscott (2011) describes the reason why wind occurs as variations in the air pressure. He states that during the day, the sun warms the earth’s surface, and this warms the surrounding air. The night in the contrary lacks the sun and the surface of the earth cools and causes the surrounding air to cool. These clearly explain that there are variations in the daytime and night time temperatures. Linscott (2011), also states that the air temperatures vary with the altitude of the ground. Changes in air temperature cause a change in air density which in turn has an effect of changing the air pressure. He conclusively states that the existence of the sun causes the existence of the wind. The energy from the wind is classified under the category of green energy. Linscott (2010) states that wind is green energy and running of wind turbines reduce the need for imported oil,

The other advantage of renewable energy is that it does not need much maintenance like the old generators. Cheaper costs of operation is incurred as it is found from freely available resources which are not manmade and thus not purchased from the shops. Use of these resources thus helps the government to save on the financial resources and also helps in allocating these resources to other issues of national concern.

The renewable resources are also associated with the maintenance of a safe and non polluted environment. The renewable resources produce no waste products like chemical pollutants or carbon dioxide. The minimal impact on the environment is tremendously essential especially in this time and age when so many harmful hydro-carbons have been released in the atmosphere. The hydrocarbons have changed the world climate by causing global warming. This has also caused harmful effects like existence of droughts and famines and eventual extinction of some physical features like rivers. The release of hydrocarbons has also been associated with the Increase of some diseases like skin cancer to the human beings. Research also states that hydrocarbons cause genetic modifications to the living creature. This has sometimes caused deformities to the unborn living creatures and has been termed as a great danger. The use of renewable energy is an alternative that would reduce this eventuality of loss and deprivation in the world.

Renewable resources also have an advantage of causing economic benefits to the regions where they are located. Scientists state that most of the renewable energy plants are located away from the urban centers. They are also located away from the suburbs that are contained within the capital cities. The projects thus cause an increased use of the economic resources in a nation, and they also increase the tourism in the local areas.

Disadvantages of renewable energy
Despite the fact that the renewable energy resources have many benefits, they also have several disadvantages. The disadvantages include the fact that it is hard for them to generate large quantities of electricity like those produced by fossil generators. Use of renewable energy might, therefore, imply that there is a need to reduce the amount of energy that is used in a nation. It may also mean that the renewable energy projects need to be increased so that they can meet the energy demands. The disadvantage is that the time needed to set up the projects might be extremely substantial in which time the other sources would have to be considered. These challenges also imply that the traditional sources cannot be utterly ignored as they compliment the scenario.

There is a greater disadvantage which is the fact that renewable energy sources rely on weather. Weather is the main power source a factor that means that if weather fails in the project location, there is a possibility of substantial loss. Then hydro generators rely on rain to fill the dams which means that when rain fails, the projects also fail. The wind turbines also vastly depend on the wind to turn the turbines. If wind fails to blow,problems in energy supply are experienced. The solar collectors are the other facilities that highly depend on clear skies and sunshine to collect the heat that makes electricity. There are, however, regions that are consistently cloudy a factor that means these cannot be used in such places. This is also true in the seasons when sun goes away for sizeable periods affecting solar energy. The fact that the resources highly depend on weather indicate that they are inconsistent and unpredictable.

It is also notable that the renewable resources are also developed as a result of high innovative practices. This means that high technology is used to combine and install the projects. The nations that install the resources have to incur high costs for capital installment of the projects. The fact is that many nations operate within supremely tight budgets, and they may thus not afford the installation process. This leads to the fact that only the nations with high capital can install the projects. The issue is more complicated by the fact that many energy resources are required to meet the demand.

Advantages of fossil fuels
Fossil fuels have some advantages including the fact that they are available to consumers. Men have over the ages invented new means of exploiting the resources and there has never been a point of extinction. This is despite the fact that these resources have been used over long periods of time(Sherman, 2003). This is an advantage as it provides predictability and reliability based on the consistency of supply.

The process of converting the fossil fuels into energy is also remarkably easy as compared to the renewable resources. The fuels are only taken through natural combustion processes that turn them to methods of running cars and providing heat. This is as compared to the renewable resources that require massive capital investment to build the plants(Sherman, 2003). The complexity of the renewable energy plants is clearly depicted by the fact that they even serve as tourist attraction cites.
The other advantage is the fact that fossil fuels are considered extremely cheap, and so are the methods used to derive energy from them. This makes them cheaper alternatives for many nations who may not have many resources at their disposure. Research indicates that the alternative fuels are extremely expensive and hard to access compared to fossil fuels. It also shows that alternative fuels are hard to convert to energy and also hard to distribute(Sherman, 2003).

Disadvantages of fossil fuels
There are many disadvantages that are associated with fossil fuels the greatest being the high level of pollution that they cause. They are associated with a high release of hydrocarbons a factor that makes them highly dangerous (Sherman, 2003). Burning of coal and oil is highly blamed for causing acid rains and other climatic variations. The other disadvantage that is associated with fossil fuels is the fact that they are not renewable. This means that they cannot be manufactures, and it implies a possibility of their depletion from the earth’s service. This is a dangerous thing especially because the fossil fuels are used at a very high rate by the human beings(Sherman, 2003).

The other disadvantage is that there is a limited supply of resources, and yet there is a rising demand for the fuels. They are also associated with the fact that their extraction is unsafe. Coal extraction is termed as a decidedly dangerous and unsafe process. It can sometimes lead to the injury or even the death of the extractors. The other disadvantage is that their extraction damages the environment by causing erosion and destruction of the wild land(Sherman, 2003).

Advantages of Nuclear energy
Fossil fuel is associated with the advantages of producing exceptionally limited pollution. The energy thus ensures a reduction in acid rain and also avoids the formation of ozone gases. The other advantage is the fact that unusually little raw material is used for the eventual production of energy. This is also tied with the advantage of the fact that the raw materials are highly portable based on the little materials required. They are advantageous as they can be used to produce exceptionally cheap electricity. It is also a reliable source of energy as its life span is estimated to be 40 -60 years. The fact that remarkably little is used means that the possibility of depletion is very minimal. The nuclear energy is also associated with the advantage of releasing more energy than the renewable sources.

Disadvantages of nuclear energy
The main disadvantage is that it can be used for the production of nuclear weapons. This means that this source of energy is a threat to the peace that exists in the world (Richards, 2009). There are also associated with the disadvantage of requiring extremely high capital for production. It is estimated that an energy power plant takes approximately 20 years to be constructed. They also require the use of uranium and their extraction is decidedly dangerous(Richards, 2009). There is also a disadvantage of the fact that the fission process waste products are highly radioactive. They should be isolated from the living environment

Conclusion
It is conclusive to state that the renewable energy is the best of all the energy sources. This is because it is renewable and it can never run out as the other alternatives whose sources can be depleted. It is also the most preferred based on the fact that it produces no hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. This makes it the safest alternative as it is a natural way of energy production, unlike the rest. The extraction process is also exceptionally easy and safe unlike the rest which can result to the death of the extract because of mine blasts. It is also clear it has no chances of radioactivity, unlike nuclear gases and thus the most highly preferred. The other reason is that it does not need high maintenance ad thus it is the best option. The disadvantages which include its reliability on whether are outweighed by the advantages.

References
Linscott, Brad, (2011). Renewable Energy: A Common Sense Energy Plan. Canada: Tate Publishing.
Richards, J.,(2009). Nuclear Energy. Canada; Marshall Cavendish.
Sherman, J.,(2003). Fossil Fuel Power. New York: Capstone.

Renewable Energy Vs Nuclear Energy And Fossil Fuels 9

Renewable Energy Vs Nuclear Energy And Fossil Fuels 1

Running Head: RENEWABLE ENERGY VS NUCLEAR ENERGY AND FOSSIL FUELS

Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on Conservation in Regards to Population Growth, Global Warming and the Effect of Greenhouse GasesS

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Friday, 03 June 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Energy Conservation in Regards to Population Growth, Global Warming and the Effect of Greenhouse GasesS

Energy conservation refers to mechanisms and measures undertaken in order to reduce, prevent and eliminate energy wastage beyond the intended utilization purposes. When people switch off electricity lights in all the rooms they are not using, turn off air conditioners in cool places and advance technology in order to enhance efficiency in energy use, these measures can therefore be termed as energy conservation. Thus, energy conservation is aimed at improving, increasing, advancing and enhancing consumption of energy in a society, community, country and globally (JICA 7).

Energy can be found in form of either electric or heat energy. Electric energy is produced from a power plant, transmitted through electric transmission lines and obtained through payment of utilities. Conversely, heat energy is obtained after resources such as coal, oil and charcoal are burnt. When heat energy is applied in a vehicle or vessel engine and steam or locomotives through air, it transforms into motive energy. Based on the equipment being used, both electric and heat energy can be utilized efficiently and effectively in various sectors. These sectors include; households, industries and transport. Energy resources across the world can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable energy resources include geothermal, wind power, biomass, solar energy and hydraulic. Conversely, non-renewable resources include natural gas, nuclear power, coal and oil.

Oil, natural gas and coal comprise of fossil fuels which are utilized globally in large scale. It is therefore important to conserve these energy resources in order to prevent their exhaustion in the near future. Although new oil fields are being discovered and excavated almost annually, other resources mainly natural gases are still in danger of exhaustion (JICA 8).

Threats to energy conservation have been listed as different and diverse. They include; global warming, increase in world populace, emission of greenhouse gases, countries failing to implement energy conservation policies and adverse climate changes among other factors. Developing countries have been on the frontline implementing energy conservation policies. In Japan, energy conservation policies implemented in 2005 included; decreased oil use, empowering energy regulations, improving financial and subsidy systems in the energy sector, promoting and advancing technologies on energy use and conservation and formulation of laws intended to respond during national crisis in order to promote energy conservation efforts.

Although these policies may be unique thus differing from other countries with regards to United States, laws imposing substantial regulations on energy consumers have been lacking. It is important for global nations to establish basic laws on energy conservation policies, a reinforcement team in order to revise the laws and policies and ensure global warming is prevented as it remains a big threat to energy conservation (UNIDO 3).

Energy conservation laws may include; prohibiting idle vehicles, promoting vehicles and vessels utilizing clean energy and governments developing technical support efficient in enhancing transportation and logistics. A SWOT analysis was conducted by the European Commission in 2005 in order to determine how climate change, population growth and depletion of energy resources especially fossil fuels should be a driving force towards production, distribution, utilization and achievement of better clean and efficient energy. The SWOT analysis was conducted in Japan and United States and the findings compared (EC 29).

Listed purposes for implementing laws and policies aimed at energy conservation include; reducing consumption of energy, greenhouse activities in order to eliminate emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and lastly, declining energy costs. In order to ensure consistent and stable energy is produced and consumed even as population increases, it is important to ensure there is energy security. As a country records increase in population growth rate, the government seeks to ensure there is constant production and supply of food, water availability and other factors that facilitate human survival. Due to modernization, energy production has also been included among the crucial factors necessary in ensuring human beings are able to lead a comfortable life. This is due to the fact that their motor vehicles need energy to run and industrial sectors need energy supply to facilitate food production and job employment (EC 75).

Population Growth, Industrialization and Urbanization
Over the years, population has been rising with the United Nations predicting that global populace will be recorded at nine billion persons in 2050. The current global population is estimated to be around seven billion people. This translates to increased energy consumption as world population escalates due to augmented utilization of energy in transport, industrial and household energy uses. It can therefore be hypothesized that, improved availability of energy facilitates population growth. As the population grows, persons consume more energy increasing their demands for more energy resources resulting to depletion and/or scarcity. When a country records increased population growth rate, forests are cleared in order to expand settlement space, coal mines are dug deeper and oil drilled in more complex locations in order to meet their increasing demands. This cycle can be represented through the diagram shown below (David 2).

Due to population growth, many people are migrating from rural areas into urban geographical locations. This has encouraged expansion and physical growth in urban areas resulting to urbanization and industrialization. Industrialization on the other hand refers to modernization of processes through technological advancement and innovation due to large scale production of energy. Industrialization can therefore be characterized as; people living in residential areas near city or urban centers, the storey buildings are comprised of sufficient energy terraces and transport systems where almost every individual owns a motor vehicle. Based on the three sectors mentioned earlier determining energy consumption and conservation namely transport, industries and transport, it is evident that population growth, industrialization and urbanization are encouraging depletion and contamination of available energy resources (Satterthwaite 17).

When urban centers record a large number of persons equally involved in intensive energy consumption, it translates to increased emission of contaminating gases especially if the energy resource utilized is fossil fuels. After population growth facilitates urbanization, it is evidenced that it encourages global warming. When people are involved in extensive green housing activities, they encourage emission of greenhouse gases which further lead to adverse climatic changes and global warming (Robert 9).

Greenhouse gases are attributed to combustion of fossil fuels that are distributed unevenly to surrounding areas. Over twenty percent of all developed nations globally engage in greenhouse activities thus, accounting for over forty percent of all greenhouse gases emitted with United States accounting for over nineteen percent. The remaining eighty percent account for over fifty percent of greenhouse gases emitted with Africa accounting for over seven percent and South Asia over thirteen percent. Coupled with urban densities among developed and developing countries, green housing gases are impacting the energy sector negatively both directly and indirectly through global warming and climatic changes (David 8).

How Green House Gases, Climate Changes and Global Warming affect Energy Conservation
Green house activities can be historically traced back in 1820s when Jean Baptiste Joseph de Fourier suggested that atmosphere permit short wavelength radiations from the sun to warm the earth after blocking long wavelength radiations believed to cause a cooling effect. He therefore predicted that the green housing activities would enable human beings to influence climatic changes. Greenhouses utilize retained warm air or trapped heat in the atmosphere. When the atmosphere was measured by John Tyndall, he found out that the infra-red were able to trap and retain water vapor, methane and carbon dioxide in gaseous form thus, causing gaseous variations in the atmosphere. It was also revealed that, when the carbon dioxide gas is combusted through the burning of fossil fuels, it results to warming the earth surface (Robert 9).

For over hundred years now, it is believed and scientifically proven that carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor trapped in the atmosphere are the key requirements for green housing activities to be successful. They are also indirectly attributed towards natural warming of the earth’s surface as it is predicted that without green houses, the planet earth would be frozen thus devoid of life on a permanent basis. Global warming therefore refers to enhanced effects from green house activities. This due to the fact that they result from enhanced concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere thus, encouraging emission of these gases based on the activities being carried by human beings (Joseph 28).

Besides carbon dioxide and methane, greenhouse gases also include nitrous oxide all of which comprise other halogenated organic compounds such as Chlorofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. Previous global climatic models were applied in understanding global temperatures are influenced by human activities such as greenhouse activities. Due to advances in technology and improved innovations, these models are now applicable in measuring complex climatic systems that have been attributed to urban densities thus, increased human activities impacting the atmospheric compositions negatively (Robert 11).

Climatic changes consequently attribute towards global warming based on the following climatic conditions; retreat of glaciers, reduced snow covers especially in the northern hemisphere and tropical precipitation, increased mid to high latitude precipitation, a rise in the sea level, ocean temperatures increasing gradually and decreased Arctic ice through thinning. When these factors are combined, it is evident global warming is affecting global climatic conditions. As a result, a lot of energy needs to be used in order to cause cooling effects where temperatures are high and heating among geographical areas with low global temperatures (Joseph 42).

The Green Aid Plan was established in order to work with global countries aiming to transfer and disseminate technologies in line with environmental and energy conservation. GAP was established under the following goals and objectives; reduce and prevent air pollution, encourage disposal and recycling of waste and to conserve energy by finding alternative sources of green energy where emitted carbon dioxide gases are reduced. In order to fulfill these goals and objectives, GAP is required to commence dialogue with countries interested in formulate policies that can be implemented in achieving them (JICA 23).

GAP therefore conducted a research on how efficient use of energy resources can be increased among different countries including Japan, Vietnam, China and India among others. GAP has also received support from global organizations who share similar visions in the energy industry such as World Bank and National Strategy Study (NSS). NSS for example aims at reducing emission of greenhouse gases especially among developing nations as they extensively carry out green housing activities. The Asian Development Bank on the other hand aims at implementing projects globally in order to reduce global warming while promoting production of renewable and efficient energy.

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) also seek to support and cooperate with other global organizations in formulating policies and developing systems through campaigns and seminars. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) also aims at achieving the attempts seeking to curb global warming. Other trends assisting in energy conservation are as follows (JICA 24).
The European Union set up a committee requiring every Member State to reduce energy consumption by at least one percent every year since 2005 thus, promoting conservation of energy. Projects and legislations aimed at assisting and enabling the energy conservation processes were established and enacted among all member States in order to comply with the committee’s counter measures against energy waste and global warming. The German Agency for Technical Co-operation GTZ which is equipped with extensive experience with regards to energy conservation has been offering assistance to other agencies seeking to reduce energy wastage and consequently conserving energy resources especially among developing nations (JICA 29).

Approaches to energy conservation can therefore be summarized as follows; decreasing energy consumption, wastage, emission of greenhouse gases and energy costs. However, it is crucial for countries to ensure there is local, domestic, regional, international and global energy security. Through energy security, other sources of energy resources such as wind, solar and nuclear can be tapped, developed and promoted in order to enhance effective usage of the currently available energies. Global issues currently and in the future with regards to energy will be based on energy securities on the limited available energy resources in the world. The global environment that is being threatened by global warming, adverse climatic conditions, air, noise and water pollution as well as emitted greenhouse gases needs to be protected as it serves as the main source of global energy resources. Governments, non-government organizations, private and public sectors need to implement policies and energy conservation measures. Restricting usage of natural gas and oil will play a key role in reducing air pollution, environmental degradation and global warming (JICA 34).

Reduction of energy costs is also necessary in conserving energy resources as it act as an incentive among global population to reduce energy wastage. The amount of money spent by global populations in paying for electricity and gas energies ought to be reduced in order to encourage people in conserving these energy resources in the household level and consequently globally. Industrial sector inclusive of factories and commercial entities will also seek to reduce energy consumption and wastage in order to reduce the amount of money they spend in paying for energy per unit of production. As a result, they will increase business or industrial competition domestically and globally while attributing to economic growth, increased income levels and reduced consumption and wastage of energy and energy resources. It should be noted that, reduced energy consumption and wastage encourage the conserved energies and resources to be sold as assets thus, increasing incomes, security levels, promoting environmental conservation, reducing adverse climatic conditions, global warming and consequently, providing for the growing global population sufficiently, effectively and efficiently (JICA 35).

Recommendations
Population growth rate can be termed as the main representation with regards to factors affecting and influencing energy conservation globally. Population increase as well as decrease presents complexities to conservation of energy resources directly and indirectly. As a population increases, the utilization of fossil fuels and other energy resources across the planet increases thus, interfering with availability and conservation measures. Europe, Japan, United States and other countries involved in industrial activities are facing increased challenges in energy conservation due to the constant, consistent and uncontrollable depletion of energy resources mainly fossil fuels, increased global energy uses among increased populace and climatic changes. In order to ensure energy conservation measure are formulated, designed and implemented successfully globally, it is important to identify applicable technologies that can be used in conserving particular energy resources (EC 120).

Technologies listed by European Commission include; photovoltaic, four cells and hydrogen and biomass based technologies as well as sequestration technologies encouraging utilization of fossil fuels in heating and providing power in order to reduce emission of carbon dioxide (EC 23). Transport sector has proven to be the most challenging area in conserving energy due to increased production of motor vehicles among the increased population. To ensure this sector conserves energy, it is vital for global governments to implement strengthening policies with regards to fuel and light efficiency standards especially among heavy duty vehicles. Policies should also be formulated and implemented aimed at enhancing performance rate among motor vehicle tyre, air conditioning, lighting and non-engine components attributing to energy wastage as the car functions. Motor vehicle selling organizations should be offered incentives to encourage them in selling more efficient energy saving cars mainly through reduced taxes. Eco-driving should be promoted globally through establishment of new eco-friendly motor vehicles and driver’s education programs (EC 23).

In order to conserve energy in the industrial sector, global countries ought to encourage adoption of energy conserving management protocols among internal industries. Small and medium sized industries should be encouraged to promote implementation of energy packages that are sufficient in ensuring industrial functions and operations are carried out under minimal wastage of energy resources. Financial policies promoting energy conservation and investments in the energy production industries should be put in place in all global countries. Highly efficient and effective industrial systems and equipment especially electric motors, transformers, cogeneration systems and hot water steamers will also play a major role in conserving energy while maintaining high performance rates (EC 56).

In the household sector, people should be encouraged to adopt a lighting system that is natural by phasing out inefficient technical lighting systems that are neither economical nor resourceful. All buildings under construction should ensure they obey energy codes such as minimum energy performance standards in order to reduce energy wastage and promote on conservation measures. An average home uses over thirty percent of all available energy in heating. People should be educated on why it is important to switch off the heating systems when they are not in use and during hot days such as summer in order to reduce and conserve energy consumption. Solar panels are efficient and effective alternative sources of energy as they utilize natural solar energy. Homes should seek to adopt them in order to reduce consumption of electric and heat energy thus, maximizing on the conservation measures. Leaking hot water systems should be repaired and low flow showerheads installed to reduce the amount of energy wastage through these systems. When all these energy conserving measures are coupled with regular inspections on all household appliances, systems and equipment using energy in order to reduce wastage of energy, this sector can play a key role on conservation measures (EC 25).

Conclusion
Energy is necessary for the survival of human beings and other living organism found on the earth surface globally. It is therefore important to conserve it as it is a necessity among people’s daily lives. However, threats and challenges exist during energy conservation attempts. Although some are legal, social, economic and political, they can be summarized into three major factors. These factors are; population growth, global warming and gases emitted form greenhouses. When the population increases, it encourages urbanization, modernization and industrialization. This results to urban and rural populace engaging in green housing due to scarcity of land and space to carry out farming activities. As a result, greenhouse gases mainly carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide attribute to global warming and adverse climatic changes. Energy resources are thus utilized in maintaining sustainable climatic changes by avoiding fossil combustion. Although this is a conservation procedure, the fact that most people even in rural areas are using electric energy for their daily needs is proving difficult to conserve energy. Population growth therefore maintains a direct and direct relationship with regards to conservation of energy resources as it reinforces conservation measures positively and negatively.

Works Cited
David, Dodman. Urban Density and Climate Change, United Nations Population Fund Analytical Review of Interaction between Urban Growth Trends and Environmental Changes, 2009. Print.
European Commission (EC). Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in Energy Research, European Commission Community Research, 2005. Print.
Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA). Energy Conservation, Japan International Co-operation Agency thematic Guidelines, 2005. Print.
Joseph, Postma. A Discussion on the Absence of a Measurbale Greenhouse Effect, Principia Scientific International Publication, 2012.
Robert, Socolow. The Critical Role of Energy Efficiency in Mitigating Global Warming, Government, Law and Policy Journal, 10(1): 8-22, 2008. Print.
Satterthwaite, David. The Implications of Population Growth and Urbanization for Climate Change, International Institute for Environment and Development, 2009. Print.
United Nations Development Organization (UNIDO). Industrial Energy Conservation and Public Policy, United Nations Development Organization Working Paper, 2011. Print.

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Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on Hydroelectric Power

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Thursday, 26 May 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Hydroelectric Power

Introduction
Energy is a major necessity for human beings. According to Ediger and Elcin, clean renewable and domestic energy would be acceptable in the society as the prime factor for future life for Turkey and also the world in general (743). All nations are striving to apply and develop technology which would assist them in making good use of sources of energy that are renewable efficiently irrespective of their level of advancement in terms of development (Ediger & Elcin 743). However, with the ever increasing population, it is predicted that in future there will be scarce sources of energy (Ulutas 1146).

As a result, human beings in the modern world prefer clean, renewable and sources that are effective in terms of costs. However, according to Ulutas, there is not a single energy source that can meet all these demands (1146). Renewable sources of energy form the better part in the percentages of the energy consumed by many developing countries. The ever growing economy and population in Turkey has created high demand for energy, and as a result, Turkey mostly meets these demands from importation of fossil sources due to the limitation of natural gas and indigenous oil resources that are available (Balat 2153; Aydin 69; Kaygusuz 1099; Demirbas 1240).

Turkey is favored by its geographical location which offers a variety of advantages for extensive utilization of most of the renewable energy sources. It’s found on the humid and warm climate zone which included a better part of Europe, Western Asia and the near East. There is a predominant Mediterranean climate at most of its coastal areas. The country is surrounded at three of its sides by the sea: the Aegean and Marmara seas to the west, the Mediterranean to the south, and the Black sea to the north (Ediger & Elcin 743).

Hypothesis
The power crises in Turkey is accelerated by the fact that the available renewable sources for energy production are not put into effective use, as the country has over concentrated on the importation of fossil fuels instead. Ediger and Elcin argue that although there are almost all kinds of energy resources in Turkey, the country imports energy due to the limitation of the resources. More than 50% of the energy consumed in Turkey is obtained from imports and the quantity imported is always on the rise year in year out (743).

Hydroelectric Power Plants Types
Plants generating hydroelectricity are quite a number of hydroelectric power plant types but the choice of selection on the right one would be pegged on a variety of factors among others: the water flow and volume of water available. Other determining factors include finances and the available area for use.
Tidal Power Hydroelectricity
In this type of hydroelectric power production, the rising and falling of ocean tidal waves, due to the moon’s attraction to the earth, can be used to generate electricity. The system is predictable due to the certainty of the specific period that tides are raised by the moon which allows for the system to be built accordingly. Electricity generation could also be regulated basing on the prevailing requirements (Hydro Electric Plant Types 1).

Pumped-storage Hydroelectricity
This type of system works upon the demand for electricity using different elevations set between two reservoirs to pump water with respect to its demand. When the demand is lower, the excess of generation of power is used to pump water into a basin that is slightly higher which would release the water back, in case of higher demand, into a low reservoir. The pumped-storage improves the daily efficiency in the system and also the most vital form of energy storage commercially (Hydro Electric Plant Types 1).

Run of the river hydroelectricity
In this form of hydroelectric power production, there is no reserving or storage capacity as the water passes and flows through the power generation turbines due to the continuous flow of the water. The water should be utilized at the given moment that it comes from upstream (Hydro Electric Plant Types 1).
Underground Hydroelectricity
This system is facilitated by the existence of natural large differences in height generated by using two water ways like mountain lakes or waterfalls. An underground tunnel is built to allow water to flow from the higher grounds to the site of generation with a tailrace placed horizontally transporting the water to grounds that are lower (Hydro Electric Plant Types 1).

Background Information
Turkey receives an annual rainfall varying between 220mm a year to 2500mm with an average of 643. Most of the hydroelectric power plants are located in the regions receiving annual rainfalls of more than 500mm averagely (Ediger & Elcin 747). The better percentage of the hydroelectric power plants is located far away from the areas with heavy demand of Istanbul-Ankara axis in the northwest of Turkey. As a result of the geographic location of Turkey’s generating potential, the country has managed to export power to the east but remaining with a shortage in the west (Ediger & Elcin 748).
Recent studies in Turkey have estimated the usable potential economically of electricity generation as 125,000GWh for every year (Ediger & Elcin 748). According to Ediger and Elcin, the mentioned figure corresponds to approximately 29% of the total gross potential of electricity generated from hydropower (748). By 1995, Turkey’s hydropower installed capacity had reached 9,865MW, a figure that corresponded to approximately 28.5% of the economically usable power potential (748). It is approximated that 95% of the potential exploited is from hydroelectric power plants and dams and the remaining portion comes from canal hydroelectric power plants and run off river (Ediger & Elcin 748).

Benefits of Hydroelectric Power Plants
Power plants generating hydroelectricity are highly effective in terms of energy conservation and also play a key role in terms of ensuring that the emission of greenhouse gases is reduced in by reducing the use and dependence on fossil fuels (Balat 2162). Turkey depends heavily on expensive sources of energy that are imported, which has resulted into strain on the economy and has also led to increased air pollution which has become a great concern to the environment in the country. Renewable sources of energy like hydroelectric power are perceived to be among the remedies that are most effective to sustainable and clean development of energy in Turkey (Global Warming and Climate Change 1).

Balat argues that hydroelectric power, as compared to fossil-fired generating options, is a relatively small source of atmospheric emissions. It also evades the substantial impact due to particulate emissions like fly ash which is very costly to human health as it causes respiratory diseases. The cost on the environment due to particulate emissions was estimated at US$ 100-500/t/ year (2162). Balat argues that as Turkey looks forwards towards possibly joining European Union Membership, it would have to continue utilizing this cleaner source of energy as the means for achieving sustainable economic development (2163).

Moran argues that many people are beneficiaries of the construction of hydroelectric dams through the generation of hydroelectricity and irrigation that is available from the dam reservoirs (25). The construction of hydroelectric power plants has also resulted in the creation of employment in the local communities and the provision of incentives for businesses and enterprises that have taken advantage of the dam site and set up shops (Moran 25).

Moran sums up the benefits of hydroelectric power plants. He argues that among other benefits, hydroelectric power plants improve the quality of air, does not produce atmospheric pollutants, it lowers the general depletion of the non-renewable sources such as coal and does not produce waste (24). He further argues that hydroelectric power plants could result in the creation of new fresh water ecosystems with increased rate of productivity. The plants would also improve management skills on valued species and enhance knowledge due to the results obtained from studies. Hydroelectric power plants have also helped in reducing climatic change and they also do not consume or pollute the water that is used for generation of electricity (Moran 25).

Dam reservoirs serve as man made lakes where fish can develop just like in the case of natural lakes. Ataturk dam lake has become well known due to the commercial fishing activities that take place in the dam. Statistics show that the dam has been gaining 1.26US$ per year due to commercial fishing with an approximated catch of a thousand tones of some species of fish. The dam has also a potential of 7,000 tons per year cage culture which may offer a market value of 14 million US$ (Katsikides 4).

Katsikides argues that when a river is capable of providing fish food but the prevailing conditions are not conducive to the multiplication of the fish, restocking and stocking of fish could be considered. Fingerlings could be propagated in special hatcheries and later reintroduced to the reservoir at least once in a year (4). Hydroelectric power plant reservoirs have also benefited the community in terms of irrigation. For instance, Sanliurfa-Harran irrigation scheme began in 1995 receiving its water supply from Ataturk dam (Katsikides 5).
The gross irrigation area covered by the project was estimated to be 31,285 hectares by 1995. The area has been on the increasing end over the years and by 2003, it was at a staggering 121,138 hectares. With the completion of the whole project, the area under irrigation is expected to increase up to 872,385 hectares (Katsikides 5).

Negative Effects of Hydroelectric Power Plants
Generation of hydroelectric power associated with the use of dam reservoirs has resulted in stagnation of the stored water in the reservoir. This occurs due to the long period of time that the water is stored in the reservoirs with minimal flow as it waits to be channeled to the turbines and onwards downstream. The storage of the water for a long period starves it of oxygen, which results in a negative impact on the living organisms that live and breed in the reservoir, as they would be reduced in number. This would also impact negatively on the economy of the fishermen and locals who might be dependent on the river habitats to sustain their living (Moran 23).

Moran also argues that the reservoir would result to changes in the landscape due to land being covered by water, which would result to changes in the climate, as the reservoir would lower the temperatures of its surrounding. This would in turn affect the organism living within the environment as well as the surrounding areas, which could result the migration of wildlife among other factors (Moran 23). According to Steele and Smokorowski, (as cited in Johnson 1), hydroelectric power dams interrupt the longitudinal distribution of the physical properties in a river which would in turn impact on the biological communities within the river profile (3).

Physically altering the flow of the river by a dam will result in thermal damage to the downstream flow of the river as the water flowing from the dam is at a risk of being at cooler temperatures due to the storage in the deep reservoirs (Moran 24). According to Moran, hydroelectric power plants would result to flooding of terrestrial habitats, modification of aquatic habitats and also the modification of hydrological regimes. The plants would also result into the constant need to monitor and manage water quality (Moran 24).

Hydroelectric power plants would result to several barriers that hinder the migration of fish and other living organisms within the river profile, and there would be the need to monitor pollutions. There would also be the need for managing and monitoring transport and sediment composition (Moran 25). The rush by the country to build hydroelectric plants and dams has angered the villagers and environmental campaigners (Gibbons 1).
According to Gibbons, work came to a hault in a massive dam project that was in Hasankey three years back, due to the city being flooded with water. The people’s way of life in Turkey, especially those dependent upon the rivers and a million others, is threatened by the country’s quest for rushing economic development through building of hydroelectric power plants among other projects (Gibbons 1). Turkey is pushing the construction of several hydropower schemes and dams on most of the main rivers with the aim of making the country a world prosperity and economic development (Gibbons 1).

Alternative Energy Sources for Turkey
Apart from hydroelectric power, Turkey has other numerous sources of energy that are not fully utilized. For instance, solar energy, which is the oldest source of energy used by man, is among the most abundant and cleanest available (Ediger & Elcin 750). Utilization of solar energy in Turkey is highly favored by its geographical location. Electrical power Resources Survey and Development Administration in Turkey conducted a research on solar energy. The project involved installation of acquisition system for solar data at different locations. The results found that solar radiatios varied between approximately 240-395cal/cm2 and 41/2 – 81/2 hours a day with an average solar radiation of 309.6cal/cm2 a day and an average duration of 7.2 hours (Ediger & Elcin 751).

Turkey’s solar potential is estimated through calculations to be 88 billion tons per year, 40% of which can be used economically. However, due to the limitation of the necessary technology for the conservation of solar energy into more practical forms of energy for daily use which has not yet reached the economically feasible level, Turkey and the remaining part of the world has limited solar power applications (Ediger & Elcin 751). Thermal is the most commonly used applications of energy from solar in the west and south of Turkey in producing hot water (751).

Wind is another source of energy that is in abundance in Turkey with the most attractive regions for wind energy applications being in the Aegean, Southeast Anatolian and Marmara. These regions are highly suitable for the generation of wind power with the wind speeds exceeding 3m/s in the better part of these areas. The old wind mills that are still found in the Aegean and Marmara regions are indicators of the available wind energy potential in these areas (Ediger & Elcin 751). Turkey’s gross wind energy potential is above 400 billion KWh with 124 billion KWh technically feasible potential and with some specific areas having their net economic potential clocking approximately 14 billion KWh (Ediger & Elcin 752).

Turkey has also a high potential of geothermal energy as it is located on the Alpine Himalayan orogenic belt and there is development of younger garbens due to this orogeny. The country has wide spread volcanism, more than 600 hot springs in existence with some having temperatures of 100° and above and fumaroles hydrothermal alterations, which indicates the great potential of geothermal energy in Turkey (Ediger & Elcin 750).
Turkey’s geothermal overall potential is estimated to be approximately 38,000 MW with approximately 88% of this potential being appropriate for thermal use. The remaining portion of the geothermal energy produced can be put into use in the production of electricity (Ediger & Elcin 749). However, Turkey has resolved to converting geothermal energy to other uses such as touristic installations and space heating instead of majoring on generation of electricity (Ediger & Elcin 750).

Conclusion
The extensive use of fossil fuels and traditional sources of energy in Turkey would result to the formation of acid rain on a regional scale, enhanced greenhouse effect on a global scale, and smog on a local scale. Reliance on fossil fuels has cost Turkey’s economy which has thus created the need to develop renewable sources of energy for a cleaner and healthier environment by use of less contaminating technology in renewable energy resources.

For Turkey to meet up to its power demand, the country has to utilize all the available power resources within its economy and should try as much as possible to minimize the importation of fossil fuels for power generation. The country has many energy sources that are not utilized fully with hydroelectric power being among the list. Control measures should also be taken to ensure that the impacts on the environment due to generation of power from sources of energy that are renewable should be reduced as much as possible.

Works Cited
Global Warming and Climate Change; Research from Sakarya University Broadens Understanding of Global Warming and Climate Change. The Business of Global Warming (2012): 624. ProQuest. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
Hydro Electric Plant Types. Conserve Energy Future, n.d. Web. 18th Dec. 2013
Aydin, Levent. “The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Constructing Hydro Power Plants in Turkey: A Dynamic CGE Analysis (2004-2020).” Natural Resources 1.2 (2010): 69-79. Print.
Balat, Havva. “A renewable perspective for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The case of small hydropower plants.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11.9 (2007): 2152-2165. Print.
Demirbas, Ayhan. “Energy balance, energy sources, energy policy, future developments and energy investments in Turkey.” Energy Conversion and Management 42.10 (2001): 1239-1258. Print.
Ediger, Volkan S., and Elcin Kentel. “Renewable energy potential as an alternative to fossil fuels in Turkey.” Energy conversion and management 40.7 (1999): 743-755. Print.
Gibbons, F., and L. Moore. “Turkey’s Great Leap Forward risks cultural and environmental bankruptcy.” The Guardian 29 (2011). Print.
Katsikides, Savvas. “THE ONLY EUROPE-WIDE IDEAS COMMUNITY.” Web. 18th Dec. 2013.
Kaygusuz, Kamil. “Sustainable development of hydropower and biomass energy in Turkey.”Energy Conversion and Management 43.8 (2002): 1099-1120. Print.
Moran, Thomas. “The Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams in Turkish Kurdistan.” (2004).
Steele, R. J., and K. E. Smokorowski. Review of literature related to the downstream ecological effects of hydroelectric power generation. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2000. Print.
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Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on Feasibility of Solar as Possible Replacement for Motorized and Electric Generator Fuel

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Monday, 09 May 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Feasibility of Solar Energy as Possible Replacement for Motorized and Electric Generator Fuel

Feasibility of Solar Energy
Feasibility of having solar energy as a possible replacement for motorized fuels and electric generator fuels attributes to its social and economic implication. Solar energy is important for human and other uses. For instance, solar energy is readily available and requires no extraction process, unlike the fossil fuels that take takes time to be extracted (Kyritsis, & World Conference, p.45).Advantages related to application solar energy is what constitutes to its overall feasibility over fossil fuels. In addition, research indicates that solar energy is relatively cheaper and instantaneous at usage compared to fossil fuels.

Feasibility of solar energy as a possible replacement for fossil fuels operates under the platform of side effects related to these other fuels. Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources and tend to exhaust after sometimes, while solar energy is renewable in nature (Smith, 2011, p.67). In addition, solar energy is regarded clean in its application, while fossil fuels re associated with a lot of emissions, thereby generating air pollution. Other than these aspects, solar energy is freely abundant in nature, and does not require extraction cost (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, & University of Southern California, 2008, p.123). On the other hand, fossil fuel attracts heavy investment and financial commitments in their extractions. Based on the non-pollutant aspect of solar energy, it is considered more feasible than both motorized vehicle and generator fuel sources.

Viability of these energy sources their beneficial and economic impacts to the society. For instance, fossil fuels are used for general applications, though attracts many limitations (Pollution abstract, 2006, p.82). On the other hand, solar energy requires zero-cost in extraction, and has no side effects related to toxic emissions. The escalating cost of fuel prices subjects the society to invent an alternative source that is safe and economical; and equally meets the consumer needs.

References
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc., & University of Southern California. (2008). Safety science abstracts journal. Bethesda, Md., etc: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts.
Kyritsis, S. ., & World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry. (2001). 1st World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceedings of the conference held in Sevilla, Spain, 5-9 June 2000. London: James & James.
Pollution abstracts. (1970). Bethesda, Md., etc: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, etc..
Smith, L. C. (2011). The new North: The world in 2050. London: Profile.
United States. United States. & NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility. (2004). Energy. Washington, D.C: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

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Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on Regulating the Atmospheric Commons

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Friday, 06 May 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Regulating the Atmospheric Commons

Explain what is occurring on Kilimanjaro?
The glaciers on the Mt. Kilimanjaro has been said to be melting at a very fast rate that if left to continue that way, it will not be there in the next two decades. The experts on global warming indicate that if nothing is done and the current conditions persist, the glaciers that have covered the world renowned mountain will be over within the next two decades. Scientific findings indicate that the ice covering the mountain has reduced by 85 percent, signifying that glaciers is melting at a faster rate

These surveys were done by drilling deep into the glaciers to measure the glaciers that were covering the peak of Mt. Kilimanjaro. The findings reveal that effects of global warming have been increasing in the recent past. As a result of the melting of the snow that is covering the mountain due to global warming and human activities, the scientists have indicated that the breaking of the glaciers into smaller pieces will cause the exposure of the dark surface in the creator leading to increased temperatures on the Mountain that will further have the effects of accelerating the melting of the ice. This is expected to create a huge social and ecological problem in the community around (Snarr and Snarr 2012).

What causes are put forth in the video? Explain and critique.
The two main causes of melting glaciers on Mt Kilimanjaro are global warming and deforestation. These results of scientific studies done on Mt Kilimanjaro are still the subject of discussion among various scholars and scientist. While some agree that the climate changes and human activities of deforestation are the main causes of melting of ice on the Peaks, another group of scientist posits that the melting that is occurring has very minor effects since it is not the actual indicator of the increase in the temperature of the air at the peak of the mountain. This because Mt. Kilimanjaro’s temperature is always below the freezing point and as such, it is very difficult to accept the arguments that global warming is responsible for the loss of glaciers on the Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Accordingly, researchers are of the opinion that changes in weather patterns are the main cause of the melting of the glaciers. These researchers have therefore suggested sublimation as the main factor responsible for the loss of the glaciers in the mountain. This is the process in which the ice turns directly into vapor form without directly being affected by heat. Sublimation will only take place when the temperatures are very cold and therefore the global warning is not the main cause of the reduction of the ice at the peaks of mountains.

a. Explain what will be the impact on human beings in Tanzania?
Global warming researchers have posited that the shrinking and disappearing of the Glaciers has very negative impacts on the humans and the ecological environment. As such, the communities around Kilimanjaro and the Government of Tanzania will lose revenue from the tourism industry since the Mountain is one of the major tourist attractions. Close to forty thousand people visit Mt. Kilimanjaro. Some scientists also are of the opinion that the loss of the Ice at the peak of Mt. Kilimanjaro will result in the vanishing of water supply down the mountain, thus directly affecting the livelihood of animals and humans.

News Summary on Protecting or Regulating the Atmosphere
The environmental protection agency of the united state of America has been urged to reconsider the decision to regulate the emission of methane from the coal mines. Coal mining is the fourth largest producer of methane and therefore if the authority were able to reduce the emission of methane, the result would be a delay in the global warming. The threat of global warming is real and requires that government authorities act decisively to combat it

c. Write a small paragraph about why is global warming such a contentious issue?
While some group of scientist believes that global warming is the main cause of melting of the glaciers in the major mountains of the world, some other scientist indicates that global warming is not accurate and alarmists. As such, the scientist indicates that the activities done by humans like deforestation and cultivation of forest is the main cause of the changing climate. While still others argue that changing weather patterns and not just the global warming is responsible for melting glaciers.

The Hardin’s concept of the tragedy of the commons indicates that the depletion of the shared natural resources by individual acting rationally and independently is the main is a big factor in the regulation of the environment since human are driven by self-interests (Snarr and Snarr 2012). The air pollution as a tragedy of common can be reduced by the government effecting regulation meant to reduce the pollution to the environment. This is because the industries that cause the pollution will not stop since they are driven by the need to make profits.

Works Cited
Committee on Energy and Commerce “Reduction of methane Emission.” US house of representatives. N.p., 15 June 2013. Web. 17 June 2013. <democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?q=news/rep-waxman-and-sen- whitehouse-urge-epa-to-reconsider-d>.
Michael T. Snarr and Neil Snarr. Introducing global issues, 5th Ed. Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2012. Print.

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Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on The Global Warming Phenomenon

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Friday, 06 May 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

The Global Warming Phenomenon

The earth’s temperature is controlled by the balance of input of the sun’s energy and its eventual loss back into space (Maslin 9). Some atmospheric gases that are essential for this temperature balance are known as greenhouse gases. Increased accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere causes depletion of the ozone layer that is responsible in regulating the sun’s short-wave radiation entering the earth’s atmosphere.

More visible and ultraviolet radiation will strike the earth’s surface and deflect back into the atmosphere as long-wave radiations, such as infrared rays with heat energy. The increased greenhouse gases are responsible for the trapping of heat energy in the lower atmosphere hence causing global warming. Global warming is therefore a natural or human-propelled rise in global temperatures of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface as a result of accumulation of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Jana and Majumder 417). Levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been increasing since the start of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, especially due to burning of fossil fuels. Increased global warming has led to a global climate change, which is a critical change in the measures of climate, such as temperature, precipitation, or wind, which can last several decades or longer.

Strategies of Combating Global Warming
The use of renewable sources of energy as a substitute for fossil fuels has been identified as one of the solutions to global warming. Wind power is derived from converting wind energy into valuable forms, for instance, electricity by the use of wind turbines. Wind energy is freely available and does not amount to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Solar energy can also be tapped to produce solar power, hence reducing the need of using fossil fuels as sources of energy.

Solar energy is cost-free and is in abundance, particularly in the tropics. Geothermal energy can reduce the reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy extensively. This can contribute to a significant reduction for carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, hence contributing to the reduction of global warming. Hydroelectric power is a significant renewable energy source.

Carbon sequestration, which is the capturing and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide can reduce the greenhouse gases significantly. In ocean sequestration, carbon dioxide is captured, liquefied and then transported into the oceans up to over a thousand meters deep (Dincer, Hepbasli and Midilli 284). Efficient sequestration of carbon can take a few centuries. Land ecosystem sequestration can be accomplished through the stabilization of photosynthesis, altering land use so as to lower carbon emissions and using of biomass as fuel. The success of this sequestration is through the protection and maintenance of an ecological balance. Depleted oil reserves carbon deposits and aquifers can be utilized for long term storage of carbon dioxide.

Land use change as a solution to global warming is usually through the afforestation and deforestation activities. These two activities are aimed at increasing the vegetative cover globally. Since plants utilize carbon dioxide during the processes of photosynthesis, increased vegetative cover will translate into increased carbon dioxide intake by plants, thus limiting the level of carbon dioxide responsible for global warming. Forests and other plant life are natural sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Reducing the production of other non carbon dioxide greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide can help reduce global warming. The sources of these gases include wastes, agriculture and industry. Atmospheric methane gas mostly originates from livestock and rice paddies. Improved agricultural practices can be used to curb this problem. Proper landfills that involve oxidation of cover soils and sewerage recovery technologies can be used to reduce methane and nitrous dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Increasing industrial efficiency of production plants and other machinery that make use of fossil fuels can lead to a significant reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases. Improving manufacturing processes and increasing recycling of raw materials can be an effective way of reducing greenhouse emissions, as less fossil fuel will be utilized and industrial wastes reduced. Technological innovations should be encouraged so as to increase the efficiency at which energy and materials are transformed into products and services. This is especially essential in the industrial, building, transport and power generation sectors.

Modifying lifestyles can facilitate the reduction of global warming. The emission-intensive products and services should be priced higher for purposes of encouraging people to change the lifestyles that impact the ecology negatively. Substituting fossil fuel powered plants with those that use nuclear energy can help reduce global warming. This is because the production of nuclear power is not associated with any direct emissions of greenhouse gases.

Evaluating Global Warming Mitigation Strategies
Despite wind energy being cost-free in terms of its availability in the environment, the amount of electricity produced varies significantly with wind conditions. The use of solar energy is limited to certain climatic and weather conditions, especially in the temperate lands, therefore necessitating the use of fossil fuels due to their often unlimited potential. Geothermal steam used in the production of geothermal energy contains some naturally occurring carbon dioxide. Geothermal plants however release amounts less than four percent of that released by fossil fuel plants (McCluney 10).

The use of renewable energy sources as a substitute for fossil fuels is among the best solutions to global warming. Carbon sequestration especially the ocean and geological repositories sequestration, despite their high potential in reducing global warming, require advanced technological know-how which can make its implementation expensive in most countries. Land use changes and the reduction of non carbon dioxide emissions are easy to achieve especially at a national level through government policies. Allocating funds for research and development activities can lead to increased innovations hence increasing the efficiency of industrial processes that use fossil fuels. It lessens the reliance on fossil fuels, thus reducing global warming and its related effects.

Despite the nuclear power being a possible solution to reducing greenhouse gases that cause global warming, there are serious problems on how to handle nuclear waste generated out of the process. The threats of nuclear accidents and increased production of nuclear weapons discourages the adoption of nuclear energy as a strategy of reducing global warming.

Conclusion
Mitigating global warming can only succeed if countries cooperate, as it is a trans-boundary phenomenon. There should be integration of regional and national policies aimed at reducing global warming, regardless of the amount of emissions each country produces. The subject of global warming must be institutionalized and internalized in order to reduce global warming significantly. The solutions to global warming discussed above should be adopted and implemented in an integrative way as they complement each other.

Works Cited
Dincer, Ibrahim, et al. Global Warming: Engineering Solutions. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. Internet resource.
Jana, Bipal K, and Mrinmoy Majumder. Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resource Management. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. Print.
Maslin, Mark. Global Warming. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 2002. Print.
McCluney, Ross. Renewable Energy Limits. Florida: Pluto Press, 2004. Print.

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Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on The Use of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs

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Monday, 02 May 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

The Use of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs

The use of compact fluorescent light bulbs as an interesting move in efforts to conserve electricity and protect the natural environment. The whole concept reminded me of the crisis the world is facing in relation to the depletion of energy sources.
Global warming and climate change has adversely affected the amount of electric energy generated annually. This is brought about by the increasing carbon emissions that seem to interfere with the weather patterns and reduce our reliance on rainwater which turn turbines and generate hydro-electric power.

Research has shown that CFLs only consume a quarter of the electricity used by the traditional incandescent bulbs. A move to change to the use of CFLs will greatly save our available energy by 75%. CFLs also produce less amount of carbon dioxide compared to the incandescent bulbs, using them will in turn reduce the amount of greenhouse gases generated into the atmosphere, thus, combating climate change.

In a move to protect the environment, CFLs should be well disposed after they have been used as they contain traces of mercury, which can contaminate water. I think using the newly advanced LED bulbs would be more efficient in conserving both energy and the environment, as they do not contain mercury, although they are more expensive.

Sustainable Development
Promoting economic development while at the same time protecting the natural environment is important to the needs of the present and the future. Study of the possible negative implications of the technology should be undertaken before adopting it to protect the environment.
Failure of the Clinton government to form an environmental treaty to make other nations technologically inferior is strange. The destruction of the environment due to industrialization is a global problem and should be addressed on a global scale.

Developing nations should make an effort to adopt clean technology to protect the needs of the future generation, while at the same time increasing their production. The idea is linked to agenda 21, which is the treaty on environmental protection to be adopted by the United Nation countries. The treaty supports technology which reduces the generation of hazardous wastes, treatment of the waste and safe deposition.

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Sample Geothermal energy Paper on Transmission of Energy to the Earth

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Sunday, 24 April 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Transmission of Energy to the Earth

The key source of energy to the globe is sunshine. The quantity of power that the sun transmits per unit area is referred to as solar constant and it is directly deposited to the sunlight. The power from the sun comes from the fusion process that is profound in the solar core. The temperature rises up to 10,000,000 degrees which is capable of fusing four hydrogen atoms into one helium atom. The sun is capable of detaining the plasma through great gravitational forces. Outside of about a quarter of the sun’s radius, the fusion process comes to an end reaching a region referred to as the radiation zone (Baumann, 2013, P.1). The energy that is produced in the central part of the globe in form of electromagnetic radiation slowly comes to the surface. It takes approximately a million years for the light particle to move from the sun to the radiation zone. The outside part that forms a quarter of the zone is what is referred to as the convection zone.
The dense plasma fluid then flows slowly between the earth surface and radiation zone. The energy is then transmitted from the solar core to the photosphere. Cooling of the temperature takes place in the photosphere and it cools from 10,000,000 degrees to 5 million 600 degrees. When one moves away from the sun surface, the solar temperatures rise (Castlerock.Wednet.Edu, 2013, P.1). The solar atmosphere is then categorized into three regions namely the chromospheres, transition, and corona region. The density of the gas in the photosphere is too low that it allows radiation to freely move in the space, and then travels in a straight line to the earth.

References
Baumann, P. (2013). Introduction to remote sensing. Retrieved from: http://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/baumanpr/geosat2/RS-Introduction/RS-Introduction.html [Accessed: 27 Dec 2013].
Castlerock.Wednet.Edu (2013). Chapter 9, chapter review. Retrieved from: http://www.castlerock.wednet.edu/HS/stello/Astronomy/TEXT/CHAISSON/BG309/HTML/BG309EOC.htm [Accessed: 27 Dec 2013].

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Sample Geothermal Energy Paper on Environmental Effects of the Production of Electricity

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Monday, 18 April 2022 / Published in Geothermal energy

Environmental Effects of the Production of Electricity Using Geothermal Process

Geothermal power is among the sustainable methods of producing electric power. The energy is sustainable because it is derived from the earth’s heating process. The core of the earth is at high temperatures caused by radioactive decay and initial heat of the crust during formation. High temperatures at the core heats up the surrounding rock to a liquid state called magma. The liquid rock in turn heats the water in the rock to steam, which forces its way to the earth through an opening in the tectonic plate of the earth. This steam is used directly in heat pumps or used for driving turbines to generate electricity. Electricity generated is termed geothermal electric power.

There are currently 24 nations in the world harnessing geothermal electric power. Among the 24 countries, USA is the leading. In this paper, a focus on environmental and health effects of establishing a geothermal powerplant will be done. The current capacity is 3086 megawatts, which is about 0.3% of the total energy needs of USA. The percentage is small because USA is a very large area with high demands of power. According to Lund (5), geothermal electric power can attain a 10% of the total energy needs if its production reaches 10 gigawatts; which can be met by USA. In this paper, the discussion of the impacts of geothermal electric power will be scaled up to 10% and compared to production of electricity using Coal.

Current Status of Geothermal Power in the United States of America
United States of America has 77 geothermal electric power plants (Geothermal Energy Association 2). These plants have an installed capacity of 3086 megawatts, which is about 0.3% of total energy needs of USA. California is the leading State in the production of geothermal electric power. The geothermal power produced is about 5% of the total power needs of the State. The Geyser region is leading in power generation. It has 19 plants with a total capacity of 1517 megawatts. There are further 15 plants with a capacity of 570 megawatts near Niland and Cleopatra. The geological province of Nevada has further plants of about 235 MW. Other plants are at Steamboat Springs, Stillwater, Dixie valley, Soda Lake, and Beowawe (Geothermal Energy Association 7).

The future of geothermal power in the United States is promising. According to Geothermal Energy Association (6), there are more than 103 projects being developed with the capacity of 3979 MW. The association predicts a capacity of 15000 MW by 2025. The country targets to produce 20% of the total electricity produced in USA, which is an equivalent of 20 GW of geothermal power. The growth in geothermal power plants was fuelled by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. This Act enabled the geothermal power plants to benefits from tax credit from federal government. At the same time, the Act made provisions for increased geothermal researches through funding from the Department of Energy. Furthermore, the Act authorized the Bureau of Land Management to expedite the release of land lease permits for geothermal activities.

The geothermal power production has some obstacles one ought to overcome. In the first place, the location of magma is at a deep rocky region of the western USA where land has been preserved for environmental sustainability. Also, the extraction process requires large amount of water for cooling. To produce one megawatt-hour, geothermal plant needs 20 liters of fresh water. This means that to achieve 10% of USA power, 10,000 liters of water will be required every hour.
Explanation and Evaluation of the Effects of Geothermal Power on Environment and Public Health
Geothermal power production is accompanied by some environmental and health effects during its various phases as discussed below.

Construction Phase
Constructions of geothermal plant affect the stability of land. During construction process, hydraulic injection process is employed whereby fluids are injected on the rock to increase its permeability. This process can trigger seismic waves leading to subsidence of land. If seismic waves appear, the process should be abandoned. There is no appropriate technology for mitigating the same. At the same time, noise and disruption of air quality is experienced during construction. The noise lasts for a short time whereas the low air quality persists even during the operational face. Noise and low air quality affects the health of the surrounding people. Problems such as difficulty in breathing and hearing problems are major public health effects. Water mist can be used to absorb dust and therefore check on air quality whereas noise can be mitigated by using appropriate sound absorbers. It is impossible to scale up the health and environmental effects proportionally. However, expansion in the construction activities can expands the problems if there are no proper mitigation methods.

Mining Phase
During mining phase, hot water is produced from underground. The hot water holds dissolved chemicals, including Boron, Mercury, Antimony, and Arsenic in solution. At the same time, fluids from earth comes with gases, including methane, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases have a torrid smell that affects the lungs on top of irritating the nose whereas carbon dioxide and methane are green gases that blankets the atmosphere leading to global warming. On the other hand, dissolved chemicals may find their way into the surface water and affects aquatic animals. For instance, arsenic is poisonous when in large concentration because it can kill fish. Dissolved salts if injected into surface water may find their way to farming areas and hamper plant growth. The effects of dissolved gases and salts are long-term.

The effects of dissolved gases can be curbed by capturing the gases and injecting them back to the earth through a process called carbon capture. On the other hand, the effects of dissolved solids can be mitigated by injecting the fluids back to the earth (Wilcox 14). The health and environmental effects can be scaled up in proportion to the kilowatt-hour. Considering sulfur dioxide gas, one kilowatt-hour emits about 35 kg of sulfur dioxide. This means that to achieve 10% of USA power, 35000 kg of sulfur dioxide will be emitted in the air every hour.

Normal Operation phase
During operation phase, there is carbon dioxide emission in the air. Carbon dioxide is a major green gases component that causes global warming. Global warming is a long-term environmental effect that affects human beings, plants, and animals. To produce one megawatt-hour of geothermal electric power, 400kg of CO2 must be emitted. This means that to achieve 10% of USA power, 400000 kg of carbon dioxide will be emitted in the atmosphere per hour. The effects can be curbed by designing and utilizing carbon capture equipment.

Accidents
Accidents are likely to occur during any phase of the project leading to death or injury. The accidents may occur as a result of exposure to hazardous materials, including hot steam and lubricants, electric fires, bursting of pipes carrying used water, normal machine breakdown, and vehicular accidents among many. These accidents are not scalable meaning that there is no correlation of the number of accidents in relation to the amount of power produced.

Long-term Effects
Continued exploitation of geothermal power has an environmental effect resulting from carbon dioxide emission. The emission of CO2 leads to global warming because CO2 is a greenhouse gas. The effects can be scaled up proportionally. To produce one megawatt-hour of geothermal electric power, 400kg of CO2 must be emitted per hour. This means that to achieve 10% of USA power, 400000 kg of carbon dioxide will be emitted in the atmosphere every hour. The effects can be curbed by designing carbon capture equipment.

Comparison with Coal
Using geothermal power to produce electricity is advantageous in several ways when compared with production using Coal. In terms of land size, geothermal powerplant utilizes relatively small size of land. To produce one gigawatt-hour of electricity, a geothermal powerplant takes 404 square-meters whereas a Coal plant takes 3632000 square-meters. This means that geothermal powerplant has little effect on ecological balance. In terms of emissions, geothermal has relatively low CO2 emission. To produce one megawatt-hour of electricity, a geothermal plant emits 400kg of CO2 whereas a Coal plant emits about 10000kg of CO2.

During construction and mining process of geothermal and Coal powerplant, water is polluted. At the same time, water is used for cooling in both cases. Geothermal powerplant utilizes 20 liters of water on every one KWH whereas a Coal plant utilizes 1000 liters of water per KWH. The production of power using Coal requires Coal deposits backup whereas a geothermal powerplant does not need power backup. Geothermal and cool power plants are characterized by occupation risks, such as injury and even death in all stages of operations (DiPippo 16). However, the injuries can be minimized if proper safety measures are put in place for both cases.

From the above information, it is evident that geothermal powerplant is an ideal source of electric power. When compared with Coal power plants, it is environmental friendly and less costly. There no much waste generated during the production process. At the same time, there are no long-term effects with the continued use of energy from the plant.

Works Cited
DiPippo, Ronald. Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact. Butterworth: Heinemann, 2010.
Geothermal Energy Association. “Geothermal Power plants: USA.” 2012. Geothermal Energy Association. 01 October 2012 <http://www.geo-energy.org/plants.aspx>.
Lund, John. “Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources.” Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 28.2 (2007): 1-9.
Wilcox, Jennifer. Carbon Capture. New York: Springer, 2012.

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