Introduction
Warren Edward Buffet was one of the children that Howard and Leila had and was born in 1930 in Omaha (Arnold para). He was the second born son and his father was a stockbroker and a congressman in the United States. At the age of eleven, he demonstrated a flair for financial and business matters when he bought three shares of the city service at $38 per share and sold the stocks later at $40 per share. He learnt the first business tip from the sale later that there should always be patient in investing as the shares that he had sold at $40 were then selling at $200. At the age of 13, he had his own business of selling newspapers and this is when he paid his first tax claiming a $35 tax deduction for his bike which was being used as a carrier. In the subsequent sections of the essay, we shall highlight how warren buffet started his business as well as his current achievements/events.

At the age of 14 years, Buffet had accumulated enough money to buy 40 acres of land in Nebraska. He rented this land and got enough money to invest with. After finishing college, he used to invest everything he earned and this became his habit. In the 1950s he approached Graham to work for his company for free but graham and his father refused (Morio para). He was later to join the company working as a stock broker. In 1956 when Graham retired from working, buffet started a partnership in Omaha using the starting capital that he had obtained from friends, family and other stakeholders.

The partnership grew and he was able to get a 23 % annual rate of return on his investments. After several years of the partnership, he decided to wind up the partnership by returning the capital that he had borrowed and the profits earned to the other partners. The amount that remained, he bought an interest at Berkshire Hathaway which was a textile company and gave the original investors also a chance to invest. Some of them joined him. Later he bought two insurance companies and this changed his business fortunes (Train 42-54). In 1962, this is when he split the partnership and merged all the partnership. By this time, the partnership had in excess of $7178500 and out of these, $1025000 belonged to buffet (Drexler 57). The discovery of Berkshire Hathaway originated from this merger. In the year 1965, buffets partners continued purchasing the company shares aggressively and he took full control of the company after naming Ken Chase as the new president of the company. The company grew and in 1967, it was able to pay out the first dividends (Drexler 59-64).

In 1973, after the partnership had been liquidated, he started buying the stocks from Washington Company and he acquired a stake in ABC Company having bought some shares from the company. By this time, his assets were in excess of $140 million and this made him appear in the top 400 in the Forbes list. In a concealed dealing, he bought stock in the Coca-Cola Company worth $1.02 billion shillings and after some few months that the company had returned great profits.

Buffet’s current life comprises of philanthropic, charitable but simple life. Despite his net worth being in terms of billions, Buffet still lives in his five bed roomed house that he bought in 1958 for some $31,000. He is also known to drink his favorite coca cola drink and is seen dining in local restaurants where he eats burger of a steak. He once bought a jet and named it “the indefensible’ this being a public recognition of the criticism that he used to make on the expenses/ money that is usually spent on jets. Being a billionaire, he in 2006 declared that he would be giving away his entire fortune to charity. In this, he committed to donate 85% of his wealth to Bill and Melinda Gates foundation. This according to history became the highest ever charitable donation to be given by a person in the history of the United States. In the year 2008, according to Forbes magazine, buffet was named the world’s wealthiest man with an estimated wealth of about $44 billion in 2012.

In 2012, it is worth noting to indicate that he announced that he was suffering from prostate cancer and his treatment was expected to start in July 2012. He is over 80 years old and in February this year (2013), he purchased HJ Heinz through the 3G capital for a whopping sum of $28 million and this was a private equity placement. 3G capital is a company that comprises of Us-Brazilian company shares and also owns burger king and a section of Anheuser- Busch InBev. According to the times magazine, He has been recorded as praising Heinz for their great tasting products as well as their proper management for the past years. In 2012, he was named the most influential global thinker in foreign policy along eminent persons like Bill Gates. Buffet was named as 15th most powerful people in the world by the Forbes magazine in early 2013.

Work cited
Arnold, Glen. The Financial Times Guide to Value Investing: How to Become a Disciplined Investor. Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Drexler, Kateri M. Icons of Business: An Encyclopedia of Mavericks, Movers, and Shakers. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2007. Print.
Morio, Ayano. Warren Buffett: An Illustrated Biography of the World’s Most Successful Investor. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Internet resource.
Train, John. The Midas Touch: The Strategies That Have Made Warren Buffett America’s Most Successful Investor. Petersfield: Harriman House, 2003. Print.

Surname 3

Sojourner Truth

This name rings a bell on the ears of North Americans especially African Americans and feminists. She entered in numerous history annals and literatures as first ever feminist with an African American background. Sojourner (named Isabella) was born in 1797 of Baumfree and Elizabeth and grew up a slave in Ulster. She later relocated to New Paltz, where she continued in slavery under Jon Dumont, slavery years totaling to three years.

The court petition for the release of her son from slavery became her debut into public life (Murphy, 2011). Upon converting to her newly-found faith, Christianity she assumed the name Sojourner Truth. This defined her main vocation in life, which was sojourning across America, preaching abolitionism, and advocating for the right of women. She became a notable evangelical preacher of the Methodist church who spoke in the African American conventions (Krass & Wagner 2009).

Sojourner truth proved to be one of the most notable women rights advocates in her time. She is credited as the originator of feminist activism among African Americans. Although her major work involved advocating of the rights of African American women, it also expands to the fight of the rights of other women in other parts of the world. She believed and preached that there was no difference between the African American slave women and the pampered white women (Murphy, 2011). Her most notable involvement in advocating for the rights of women took place in 1851 when she gave a moving speech in Akron, Ohio during a women’s rights convention. A man named Frances Gage later reproduced the speech in what he titled, “Ain’t I a woman?” This speech became the most remembered in the world of women’s rights activism. During her lifetime, she published her autobiography with the help of her literate friend (she was illiterate) (Krass & Wagner, 2009).

Some of the other notable speeches she gave include the speech at the mob convention in September 1853 where men heckled her, the speech addressed to the American Equal Rights Association in May 1867, the speech at the eighth anniversary of Negro freedom assembly in January 1871. She also notably advocated for right to voting for all. Her reputation also earned her an honor to visit President Abraham Lincoln in Washington during the civil war (Krass & Wagner, 2009).

Her most reputable remark that gained fame during the mid-nineteenth century was “Frederick is God dead?” This remark was later embedded on her gravestone as a remembrance of this statement that revealed and spelt out her idiosyncrasy. Isabella died in 1887 from ulcers (Murphy, 2011). Today, Sojourner Truth’s statute “stands tall in Monument Park, Battle Creek”. For many years, this very strong and outstanding woman has been a national symbol for women advocates and other activists across the universe for her great accomplishments. She is a major source of inspiration because despite her illiteracy, she still managed to use her life to fight for the rights of women. The nature of America today indicates the fruits of her labor and other people who tirelessly labored with her in making her dream come true.

Conclusion
Isabella, popularly known as Sojourner Truth is celebrated across the world as among the most outstanding women rights’ activists who ever lived. Her speeches and teachings formed her major source of advocacy. After gaining her freedom from slavery, she dedicated her time to travelling across America with the message of antislavery and women’s rights.

References
Krass, P., & Wagner, L. (2009). Sojourner Truth: Antislavery Activist. New Jersey: Chelsea House.
Murphy, L. (2011). Sojourner Truth: A Biography. New York, NY: Greenwood.

Running head: SOJOURNER TRUTH 1

SOJOURNER TRUTH 4

Environmental analysis and Assumptions worksheet

Name of HCO: Joe Dimaggio children’s hospital
Step1. External Environmental Analysis
Government
Opportunities
The government has offered various support to the facility like legislation.
The health care act is a major boost for the hospital.
The government has provided favorable conditions for the facility to operate on.
Threats
1. Some legal requirements are a burden to the company.
2. There is a lack of government involvement in providing some services which are
essential.
Economy
Opportunities
1. The recent good economic trends have boosted the hospital revenues.
2. There has been an increase in patients to the facility.
3. Many of the patients are able to cater for the services that are offered to them.
Threats
The shifting of currency and exchange rates affects the company’s financial platform.
Some patients are too poor to afford the services of the hospital.
The economic crisis globally affects the company significantly.
Technology
Opportunities
1. The computerization of the facility is of great importance to the hospital.
2. The company is able to embrace the latest technology in its functioning.
3. Follow-up and internet marketing has been facilitated by technology.
Threats
1. Some people have been asking for help over the internet thus denying the hospital consultation fees.
2. It is expensive to maintain machines and equipments.
3. Latest technology is rendering the company’s advancement obsolete.
Social Trends
Opportunities
1. The company has been involved in social activities.
2. The company does give back to the society through trainings and subsidized payments.
3. The hospital targets all classes of patient.
Threats
1. Some people do not like the hospital and prefer other hospitals.
2. There is a communication barrier between the public and the hospital.

Patients/Clients
Opportunities
1. The company has a large client base in different parts of America.
2. Most of the patient is satisfied because of the services given.
3. There is a return to base attitude of the patients.
Threats
1. Some patients are running away from the facility.
2. Some customers are not satisfied with the company services.
Reimbursement Sources/Sponsorship
Opportunities
1. The hospital has several sponsors (Joe, 2012)
2. The company is able to collect its revenue from patients who reports to the facility.
3. The patients care act helps the hospital to get some funding from the state and this
Increases the returns of the hospital.
Threats
Some patients are not able to fully cover their medical expenses.
One of the greatest challenges is that some organizations do not honor their promise on sponsorship.
Competing HCOs
Opportunities
1. The company is the largest in Broward.
2. The company has various branches.
3. The company has a lot of health specialists.
Threats
1. Competitors are introducing new products into the market.
2. Some of the competitors are selling their prices lower that our company.
3. Some competitors have many customers for certain children ailment than the company.

Evaluation your external analysis
Have you listed several international/national trends that affect your HCO?
Some of the trends affecting the health care organization includes Have you listed several local trends that affect your HCO?
Some of the local trends that affect Joe DiMaggio children’s hospital include competition from similar hospitals, the financial crises that affects the running of the hospital. Also reduction of sponsors is a problem that affects the welfare of the hospital as well as that of the patients.

Have you identified trends unique to your HCO (e.g., availability of certain health
care professionals)?
The Joe DiMaggio children’s hospital has unique trends in that it offers services to the public to help the children grow fit and healthy. At the same time the facility offers specialized treatments for children under the ages of 18 years.
Have you listed several of your most important competitors?
Some of our most important competitors include south Florida’s children’s hospital and Miami children’s hospital.
Which are growing?
Baptist children’s hospital is growing in the sense that it has been offering facial surgeries to children and this expansion has made it be a whole new hospital across the street. Baptist children’s hospital is also expanding because it has joined hands with Dan Marino foundation. Miami children’s hospital being known as a center for the comprehensive evaluation and treatment of children’s with various needs has benefited from the grants from the Dan Marino foundation and this has enabled them to expand.

Which are declining?
The big competitors in the industry have not shown any sign of declining. This is because they have a different target segment that they offer service to and by expanding their services helps them to maintain the pace of excellence in their functioning.
What are the successful ones doing?
The successful children’s hospitals have been engaged in offering quality but subsidized services to their customers thus making them be able to keep their market share in the industry. At the same time, they have broadened their scope to offer new services to their clients thus offering a wider range of services.
Step 2. Internal Operations analysis
Management and Planning Systems

Strengths
The company has a strong management team that spearheads the operations of the company.
The hospital has a well structured plan that simplifies procedures during the patient reporting and at the time of discharge.
Weaknesses
A lot of time is utilized during discharge of the patients.
The hospital does not have a well structured management system
Financial Resources
Strengths
The hospital has a strong financial backing and is able to offer its services at an affordable rate
The company has a lot of assets that boosts the operations of the company.
Weaknesses
The presence of many specialists and workers strains the financial position of the company.
Some sponsors who fail to support the company strains the financial position of the company.

Marketing Resources
Strengths
The company has a strong marketing team that helps in the marketing of the company.
The company has a strong financial position to do the marketing
The company is capable of engaging the local population in the marketing of its products though involvement.
Weaknesses
Limited marketing resources pose danger to the company.
The hospital does not have a well structured marketing plan.
Operations or Services Resources:
Strengths
The hospital has specialists who are able to treat some of the most complex and critical medical conditions (Couloures, 2011).
The hospital has a well structured operation department
Advanced technology helps the hospital in doing complex operations.
Weaknesses
The hospital may not be able to attend to all children case but have to refer some to the competitors.
There are limited cases for some certain ailments and the specialists are many in that field like the cardiac section.
Now evaluate the services of your professional staff: Range of services offered
Some of the services that are offered by the facility include
Pediatric treatment services in hospital
ABCs of CPR where hands on opportunities are given to parents to learn the basics of airway, breathing and circulation for the sake of their children.
Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital Mobile Health Center Schedule here free pediatric services are offered.

Child Passenger Safety Seat Check – this service is aimed at teaching children how to appropriately protect children in weight and age when in cars
Home alone, safe alone – this is an awareness program in the classroom by a hospital person aimed at providing tips on how to all from home to school. They are taught on how to keep themselves busy and
Safe town – this is a program for the kindergarten children where they are taught on how to reduce accidental injuries and deaths occurring from road usage.
Safe kid Broward county – this program is intended to train and teach in the prevention of unintentional childhood injuries
Teddy bear clinic – this program is aimed at introducing children to the various medical equipments that they may encounter in a hospital
Pediatric speaker’s bureau – This program is offered to the Broward county residents where various groups are taught on various health and wellness topics.
Poison prevention – This program educates students about poison prevention and also informs them on what to do in case there is poisoning.
Number of services rendered and patients served by service category
The population that is served by Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital is mainly children below the age of 18 years and the services that the health facility gives to the patients are in excess of ten (Jones, 2004).

Number and age of patients by service category
The hospital usually attends and treats children who are of the age of 0 to 18 years who are brought to the facility for treatment. According to the 2012 survey, more than 117000 patients visited the hospital for various treatments.
Evaluation of the hospital’s internal analysis:

There are various factors that are significant and essential for Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital’s operations these includes.
The hospital has a lot of qualified practitioners.
The facility is cost effective and treat all children fairly irrespective of whether the parents are able to pay for their treatment.
The hospital uses the latest technology in its operations.
Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital has the capability of treating various treatments.
The facility offers quality services to its clients.

References
Couloures, K. G., Beach, M., Cravero, J. P., Monroe, K. K., & Hertzog, J. H. (2011). Impact of provider specialty on pediatric procedural sedation complication rates. Pediatrics, 127(5), e1154-e1160.
Joe DiMaggio children’s hospital; joe DiMaggio children’s hospital hosts 20th birthday celebration. (2012). Pediatrics Week, , 137. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1080775640?accountid=1611
Jones, D. (2004). Joe DiMaggio: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group.

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND ASSUMPTIONS WORKSHEET 9

Running Head: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND ASSUMPTIONS WORKSHEET 1

Langston Hughes

Langston Hughes passes as one of the leading poet and thinkers corresponding to the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is term used to describe African American artistic society dating the 1920s, which promoted black lifestyle and culture. His upbringing and survival in Harlem, a key African American neighborhood in New York City influenced his creative genius. His literary piece contributed substantially in molding American literature and politics. Hughes had a dominant sense of pride in his black race. He fought for equality, reviled racial injustices and praised the culture of the African American people, religious views and humor through his literary works including poetry, plays, children books and essays.

Biographies
Langston spent much of his childhood under the care of his grandmother, with whom his mother would leave him when she left him for work and live in different cities. His father, on the other hand, abandoned his mother to work in Mexico for an American company prior to Hughes attaining 9 months of age.
Her grandmother was a very rich source of information on the then prevalent oppression of the minority African American by the majority European American. One of his early poems, “Aunt Sue’s Stories,” is derived from his experience of listening to the accounts of his grandmother concerning his fore fathers. Langston paid attention to the stories of the grandmother, as he knew that they were real and developed an urge to meet the expectation of a proud tradition by taking an proactive role in serving and promoting the African American race (Leach 3).

Langston lived with a close family friend James and Mary Reed in Lawrence community. Mary took him to various churches with her during Sundays or other church programs. While at the Baptist church in Warren Street, she was absorbed in sights and the sounds of Southern African American religious fervor. In addition, he was captivated by theatrical and speeches presented as component of the meeting organized by the church on a Sunday afternoon.

In school, Langston sometimes stood out from other African American student. He commenced school in 1908 in Topeka where he had temporarily been united with his mother. His mother had advocated for his chance in the school to the board leading to his admission at the Harrison Street School. This school hosted pupils from white American families, contrary to another distance school that enrolled more Negro pupils. Young Hughes was stressed by his instructor, who seated him at one of the corners at the back, by certain of o his classmates, even though others did not like him. One day, when his teacher confiscated licorices of a one of his classmates. A girl had warned another white student about black candies that, “They’ll make you look like Langston” (Leach 4).

Langston Hughes came on the limelight at a tender age of 19 years old. Then he was commencing his college studies in the Columbia University when his first key poem, “The Negro Speaks of River,” appeared in the then popular Crisis magazine (Wallace 7). This writer and thinker, “fell in and out of public’s favor during his forty years of writing” (Wallace 7). Nevertheless, his name stands tall yet in the modern time as the most widely read poet of African-American origin. For instance, his commitment to endorse the blues as poetic genre disappointed majority of African Americans whose opinion towards was a rather low one, as they regarded the blues to be a low-down and much despised aspect of the African-American race. Other than infuriating his relations, he even risked his career when his poem “Goodbye, Christ” was published. The goal of the poem was to criticize Christian hypocrisy. Eventually, its misinterpretation as an anti-Christian poem culminated to his having to testify before Senator Joseph McCarthy and Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation.

Charges of anti-American activity and communist supporters were leveled against him, and Americans of all races roundly criticized him during the climax of the “red scare” in 1953. At some point in time, he was maligned severely such that the revival of his reputation from the lows to the heights of African-American poetic opinion signifies an outstanding reversal of fortunes in the history of American literary (Wallace 7).

Presently, the significance of Hughes to African-American literature as well as culture is apparent. He expresses sensitivity for black dialogue and music helped give voice to the delicate black uniqueness that sets apart the African-American literary tradition from of the white American counterpart. His poems have been remembered and rehearsed by at least four generations of American youth as well as adults in assemblies in schools, church agenda, African American month observance, graduations, and civic occasions.

Even at the age of sixty-five, the age when he was dying, he had not stopped writing. After writing many books of verse, a big autobiography, a number of short stories, two novels, a large number of children books, and twenty years number of newspaper columns in the Chicago Defender. In addition, he wrote a several plays, musicals, as well as operettas. Essentially, it can be said that Hughes died writing. To Hughes, it was as if that the numerous arts that he had created from 1921 was just but a tip of an ice bag with regard to what his soul had to leave. Nevertheless, to those who have taken over his prize, the amount of work he left marvels them (Wallace 8).

Summary of Interview(s)
The nigger speaks of the river … a nigger has an inner urge to describe individuals differences without being ashamed if the people are pleased we are glad if they are not it does not matter. We know we are beautiful and ugly too. Because people are pleased we are glad that does not matter either, if we build a temple for tomorrow as long as we know how we stand on top of the mountain free from ourselves.

Poem: the nigger speaks of the rivers.
In another interview, Langston discusses conference in a school he talks about his career in writing and talks about how he developed a character named simple. He says that the idea about the character came to being because of his urge to express ideas about war in term of public position towards the war efforts. He expresses the attitude of halamites was skeptic about the war and supports the indifferent attitude towards war. He talked about the limitation political for job opportunities for Negro. He speaks again, about how blacks were refused to donate blood. Then he endorses the positions for the blacks to be excited over war. Then a little conversation with young Negros opened his mind to the dehumanizing experiences or treatments from the white majority in the United States (The Downtown Community School, Manhattan).

Analysis of “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
This poem is about a person, the speaker, who claim old knowledge of rivers and whose soul has transformed into a deep river. The speaker describes how that change has come about. This speaker is a very ancient man, since he has existed as early as the time when the Egyptians were building pyramids. The person had swum in the Euphrates river when the earth was young. He even resided about Congo River located in central Africa. He participated in the building of the Egyptian pyramids approximately four thousand years back. He heard the Mississippi River flow when United States’ President Abraham Lincoln rode with a boat over its waters down to New Orleans. He testifies to the audience that he has known many ancient rivers, which were dusky, and that his soul has mimic the depth of these rivers.

Quotations
I’ve known rivers. The speaker in this poem attests of his knowledge of rivers. The way he says it infers to the way an old man accounting a story to his grandchild may refer to people whom he has known the whole of his life. Instead of saying “I know rivers,” the speaker says, “I’ve known rivers.” This in a away triggers a feeling that much has elapsed in the audience from the time the speaker experienced these rivers. The fact that speaker have had knowledge of these rivers indicate that he did not merely sit on the banks of the river and observe it flow through its gorge, but have dedicated some time with rivers, such that he and rivers are intimate friends.

My soul has grown deep like the rivers. In this line, the speaker tells the audience that his soul has acquired the depth of the ancient rivers. This conviction makes the audience estimate the physical depth of these ancient rivers, yet the audience also is triggered to think about the depth of the history and existence of these rivers. They have, unquestionably, been around since the beginning of the earth life; approximately 4.5 billion years. The soul of the speaker is old and has existed through many good and bad experiences. All rivers have a source from whence they begin flowing. They flow in a single direction as time does. Rivers such as the Colorado River with respect to the Arizona canyons testifies of the capability of river to produce significant effects. For example, the canyon in Arizona runs 277 miles across the plains of Arizona and 1 mile deep.

Thus, rivers can erode land around them over a long period, and leave a scar on the surface of the earth. From the start of socialization, human beings have desired to construct villages, towns, as well as cities on the riverbanks. This is so because not only do rivers provide aesthetic views but also provide transportation using boats. In addition, they provide fertilization and moisture to the crops. They also provide bathing ponds and source of fish. Rivers represents the coolest elements in our environments, such that the soul of the speaker, having attained the depth of the rivers, means that he must be a attractive person and an intelligent individual.

I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. Our speaker was amongst the peasants who helped in making the Egyptian pyramid, which is currently the seventh wonder of the world. Over time, it was conventionally believed that 100,000 men under a forced order were as slaves provided the labor force necessary to construct the pyramids. Presently, scholars have started to probe this stance, implicating that peasants working on volunteer basis may have supplied the labor sources necessary for this tasks, in return for an honor. Granites were excavated from long distances, as far as 500 from construction sites from south, and were conveyed over the Nile. River Nile is the longest in the whole world and the land about it is very fertile and delicious. The civilization of Egypt thrived for thousands of years courtesy of River Nile.

Styles
The poet uses narration to bring about the theme of the poem. The speaker of the poem represents an African American who has played a central role in many civilizations, from the areas around the Euphrates through the Egyptians pyramids to the Mississippi in the United States. The other prominent style is personification in which the speakers of the poem says that he listen to the singing of Mississippi river as Lincoln rode via it to New Orleans. The poet uses river and Egyptian pyramid to signify the pride of the African American.

Conclusion
Langston Hughes is indeed a very popular writer in the African American literary history. He has received his share of praise as well as condemnation by the race that he has so much struggled to represent. He lived during the time when discrimination against the minority was fierce. Because of the oppressive system of government in the U.S., he could not openly fight for the right of his people so that he chose to accomplish his goal of fighting for equality and promoting African American culture through his literary work. His grandmother was the major source of the themes he presented in his essays, poem, and novels, columns among others.

Works Cited
Leach, Laurie F. Langston Hughes: A Biography. Westport : Laurie F. Leach, 2004. Web.
The Downtown Community School, Manhattan. Langston Hughes Interview. 1953. 6 August 2013. Web. <http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/8-civilrights/celebrity/19530000_Langston_Hughes_at_The_Downtown_Community_School.html>.
Wallace, Maurice. Langston Hughes: The Harlem Rennaissance. New York City : Marshall cavendish Corporation , 2008. Web.

Surname 8

William Edward Burghadt

Known to be the first man to earn a doctoral degree from the African American race from the Harvard University, (WEB) shortened name for William Edward Burghadt is said to have been born on the 23rd February 1868 (WEB, 2011). During his time, he is known to have played leading roles for the black civil rights in the US. WEB was the head of the national association for the advancement of the colored people in 1910. Great Barrington, Massachusetts was the place where du bois was born with his family in the predominantly Anglo American town. At only 15, he indicated his aspiration for development when he became the new yolk globe local correspondents. By then he used to give lectures and also wrote editorials on his views that the black population were supposed to politicize themselves. He obtained his degree in Nashville Tennessee at Fisk University where he earned a degree.

After graduating, he was admitted to Harvard on scholarship for his master’s degree. After graduation, Bois secured a teaching job at Wilberforce University which is located in Ohio and after two years, he accepted a fellowship to conduct a research project at the University of Pennsylvania. This allowed him research on prejudice and discrimination of the blacks as a social system and he did succeeded thus gave him the term of the father of the social science. He later taught Atlanta University where he wrote about the Negro morality, urbanization, Negros in business, Negro church and Negro crime (). These were all aimed at encouraging social reform. He later came to be known as the father of Pan Africansim.

One of the studies that Dubois studied on the American people was the Philadelphia Negro. In the Philadelphia Negro, Bois stressed on the need of the people to be recognized (Du 2011). He went from house to house analyzing the social and the economic status of the African American in Philadelphia. In the book that was written in 1903 named the souls of the black, WEB indicated that the contemporary society faces the problem of color line. He indicates that race results to double consciousness and this leads to racial differences. However he argues that racial prejudices impacts individuals. He also claimed that the African should not only be merely to earn money but also to balance the standard of lower trainings and the standard of Human culture. He therefore indicated the impact of slavery on the morality of the American.

In the soul of the black folk by DuBois, the story has many themes including duality, double consciousness. In this he indicated the manifestation of the black’s existence and therefore tries to indicate the reconstruction periods of the American population (Du 1998). Some other works by WEB includes the gift of the black folk that details the role of the African American stereotyping. He indicated that the African American were the earliest explorers of invention and were crucial in the conquering of the wilderness and winning wars. There were also involved in the expansion of democracy and the creation of a prosperous economy. Dubois indicated that without the Africans who worked in the farms, the US would not be the way it is. Dubois explains the role of the Africans in the leading of fights against the British soldiers. The black soldiers were also involved in the rescuing of New Orleans during the war of 1812. In general without the active participation of the Negros in the civil war, America would not be what is today.

References
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2011). The Philadelphia Negro: a social study. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Du, B. W. E. B. (1998). Black reconstruction in America: [ 1860 – 1880]. New York, NY [u.a.: The Free Press.
W.E.B. Du Bois. (2011). Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/people/web-du-bois-9279924

WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHADT 4

Running Head: WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHADT 1

Work values and job satisfaction Annotated bibliography

Hampton, G.M. & Peterson R.T., (2012). Job Satisfaction of certified Nurse Midwives: An examination, Administrative issues journal, Education, Practice and research, New Mexico state university
The two authors and researchers at New Mexico University uses the data derived from what was done in 2000 by certified nurse midwives who are members of the American College of Nurse and Midwives. The research was done to explore the degree of job satisfaction of the certified nurse mid wives in undertaking their duties and responsibilities.

The method used to measure job satisfaction in the study involved the use of instruments developed by stamps and piedmont for use in the health care investigations. Some of the elements that were included in the survey to determine the job satisfaction includes job tasks, interaction with doctors, the institutions policies, pay, professional status and job autonomy. The results pointed that the best determinant of job satisfaction is the working environment of the nurses. Hospital administration should appreciate that the job satisfaction of the nurses is based on workplace environment.

This findings is consistent with the finding of other studies done by Sung Heui, cited below that further indicate that while nursing conditions have an impact on the patients outcomes, job satisfaction is brought about by the nurse autonomy and professional development opportunities.

References
Bae, Sung-Heui. (2011). Assessing the relationship between nurse working conditions and patient outcomes: systematic literature review. Journal of Nursing Management. Vol 19. 700-713.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

The Cause and Effect of Women’s Ability to Enter into Combat MOS within the Military

The Pentagon is laying down plans to allow women into combat jobs within the army, as it has already lifted the barriers that restricted women to join combat roles. This action aims at allowing women to be recognized as courageous warriors, just like men. However, not all positions in the Military Occupation Specialties (MOS) would be open to females. This study will expound on the cause and effect of allowing women to engage in combat MOS, as explained by Whitlock, in the article “Military plans to open more combat jobs to women by 2016,” which was published in the Washington Post, in Washington, DC.

Whitlock’s article, which was published on 19th June, 2013, stated that by 2016, the military will allow women to acquire training on combat roles, which include infantry and artillery jobs. Since 1994, women were not permitted to participate in infantry or any other combat role. The main reason why women were not allowed to take combat roles was due to exclusive combat policies (Bellafaire, 2011, p. 109). According to Whitlock, this is a plan by the Pentagon to integrate women into all sections of the armed forces. It was after a long debate that the military leaders decided to appreciate the role played by female armed forces in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, as they are very effective in bearing arms and offering support to the combat units. However, the military leaders were quick to point out that some roles will not be open to women.

Today, women can undertake complicated responsibilities in the army, and allowing them to join combat roles will motivate them to work as hard as men. The plan by the Pentagon will allow women to take front-line jobs in the combat, positions that were initially held only by men. According to Goldstein (2001), women should be allowed to participate fully into jobs that they are individually qualified to do, and not to be discriminated due to their gender (p. 100). Being in the U.S. military is a career path, and gender should not be an issue in selecting a career.

Permitting women into combat roles is not a simple task. Combat role, as a military occupation specialty, is not about qualification. It is a matter of risking personal life. In my opinion, there is no likelihood that permitting women to be on the front line in major wars would improve the efficiency of the military. The move is merely to support social integrity and equality. All the specialties in the military encompass different standards required from males and females. Men and women perceive situations differently, and beliefs that women can do whatever a man can do is not always true. Cases of sexual harassment are often reported in the army, and including women in the combat will not solve these cases. According to Eden (2013), women lose strength during their monthly periods, and this could put into risk some of the group members (par. 2).

The U.S Defense Department has a great plan to allow women in combat specialties, as women are also qualified in these fields as men. This follows the contribution made by a few women who played a chief role in Iraq and Afghanistan wars. However, combat is not exposure to risks or being killed by an enemy. Combat is searching, confining and killing the enemies. This environment is somehow emotional and disturbing to women. Women can be competent in training and attack, but physically, women are not as strong as men. Combat is about winning the battle, rather than experimenting on social change.

References
Bellafaire, J. (2011). Women in the United States military: An annotated bibliography. New York: Routledge.
Eden, J. (January 2013). The Problems of Women In Combat – From A Female Combat Vet. The Western Center for Journalism. Informing and Equipping Americans Who Love Freedom. Retrieved on 25 June 2013 from http://www.westernjournalism.com/the-problems-of-women-in-combat-from-a-female-combat-vet/
Goldstein, J. S. (2001). War and gender: How gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whitlock, C. (2013). Military plans to open more combat jobs to women by 2016. The Washington Post. National Security. Retrieved on 25 June 2013 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/military-plans-to-open-more-combat-jobs-to-women-by-2016/2013/06/18/18cb0728-d83f-11e2-8ed8-7adf8eba6e9a_story.html

THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF WOMEN’S ENTRY INTO COMBAT MOS 2

Running Head: CAUSE AND EFFECT OFWOMEN’S ENTRY INTO COMBAT MOS 1

Biography of Franz Josef Haydn

Background
Franz Josef Haydn was amongst the best classical music composers of 18th century. He was born on 31st March 1732 in Rohrau, Austria. His parents were peasant folks. Josef’s father, Mathias Haydn was a wheelwright while his mother Maria Anna was a cook in a noble household. Josef was the second born child in a family of 12; only six of his siblings survived childhood. His parents loved music and they used to sing in the house. Josef had an exceptional voice and as a child, he cherished playing drums at outdoor events. This was rather comical to those who saw him. At the age of eight, Josef was recruited to sing in a choir at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna. While at the church, he learned how to play keyboard and Violin. His move from a local backdrop to a flourishing metropolitan area endowed him with enormous opportunities.

Famous music
Joseph composed over hundred symphonies, which become well known in the entire Europe. There is nothing in music fraternity that is of higher quality than Haydn’s copious and striking string quartets. The articulateness and passion of his pieces of work comes through the listener plainly and melodiously. His prominent symphonies consists of Farewell (number 45), Hen (number 83), and Surprise (number 94). His well-known chamber pieces comprises of Quinten (op. 76, no. 2), Lark (op. 64. no. 5), and Sunrise (op. 76, no. 4).

Classical achievement
Josef Haydn is the oldest of the three well-celebrated composers that shaped classical music in the 18th century. Josef considered by many has the father of Viennese classicism. Nowadays, several music fans know him as the father of contemporary masterpiece with four movements. The most famous movements were ‘minuet’ and “slow movement.” He re-defined the string quartet and as a musician and composer, he elevated the purpose and achievement of classical music in that time. He achieved this through the establishment and advancement of numerous movements and comical lines.

Josef was regarded as perfectionist. His sonata made an enormous impact to the field of music. His stringed quartets, sonatas, and symphonies shook the music industry. Up and coming artists used his music as stepping stone in their careers. In essence, he was among the creators of the original genres of the classical music. He influenced other composers like Beethoven and Mozart in an immense way. His shadow lurks in the music of a number of composers such as Mendelssohn, Schubert, and Brahms.

His relationship with Mozart and Beethoven
Josef Haydn had two friends in the music fraternity; Mozart and Beethoven. Even though he was a number of years older than Mozart, Mozart remained his close friend. The two cultured respect for each other but they had different personalities. Their musical capabilities did not develop at the same time. Mozart died at the age of 36 when Haydn had not composed a song. Mozart was well known for his mood swings but Haydn was rather calm. Mozart fancied solo performance on the violin and piano but Haydn did not desire solo performance. Mozart did not have a sense of order in his life but on the contrary, Haydn insisted order.

The relationship of Haydn and Beethoven was burdened with complexities. Beethoven wanted to study music and he came to Vienna in 1792 to be taught by Haydn but all were not well for them because they did not agree on a number of issues. Haydn realized that Beethoven was very intractable and he settled on his own course. Beethoven was rather determined and suspicious of everything. Despite their different political ideologies, the two remained good friends. Whereas Beethoven admired Napoleon, Haydn was a strong devotee of royalty. The royalty took Napoleon to be his number one public enemy.

His church
Josef Haydn was born and raised from staunch catholic parents. He grew up as a dedicated Christian of Roman Catholic. He was recruited to St. Stephen Catholic Church in Vienna at the age of eight. He became the chorister at the church for nine years. During those years, he gained extraordinary enthusiasm for music.
His movement in Vienna
Josef Haydn moved to Vienna when he was eight years old and he stayed there until his mid-life years. He was hired by a wealthy family of Belgium origin as a vice-Kapellmeister. He went to England and he stayed there for four years before going back to Vienna. This raised his popularity in Vienna and he became the darling of music lovers.

The legacy
Josef Haydn was a prolific not just because of his never-ending musical imagination but also because of the circumstances that surrounded his musical profession. He died in 1808 at Vienna after falling sick. He was aged 77. His unparalleled success enhanced western music ahead of the classical era, which he exemplified to the burgeoning romantic period. He his honored these days as one of the most respected classical musicians of the second millennium.

Insert Surname 2

Biography on JP Morgan

Introduction
JP Morgan origins can be dated back to 1854, when Julius. S Morgan joined George Peabody Co and became Peabody, Morgan and Co. It was London-based and directed by George Peabody. After some years, Julius took control and rebranded the firm to J.S Morgan and Co. Later his son J. Pierpont Morgan joined him in running the firm. This formed a leeway for the formation of the J.P Morgan and Co, which was first started as Drexel, Morgan and CO. It initially served as an agent for European investors in the United States.

JP Morgan is a banking and investment business based in the United States. J. Pierpont Morgan founded it in the year 1895. It is commonly referred to as House of Morgan or Morgan. It has created a name for itself over the years, making the firm a direct predecessor of two of the biggest financial transactions organizations in the world. Just like many firms, it has had its best and worst moments in the banking industry. The firm has had several scandals to its name, but has been able to overcome these difficulties. It has gone through several mergers leading to several rebranding strategies. Presently it is referred to as JP Morgan Chase and Co.

Rebranding of Drexel, Morgan and Co to JB Morgan
Drexel, Morgan and Co, rebranded in 1895 to become J.P Morgan. It financed several operations in the United States such as the United States Steel Corporation; they also supplied the United State government with several million dollars in the form of gold for the United States to float a bond issue that would aid in restoring the treasure finance. On September 16, 1920, a device exploded just outside the bank’s offices that left over a hundred people injured and around forty individuals dead. The company’s success is attributed to the brains behind the bank, which are able to take advantage of every opportunity that arose. For example, the company was able to invest in the war suppliers to Britain and France, which resulted to gains in profits from the financing and purchasing of the two European governments.

In 1933 provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act led to J.P Morgan and Co separating its investment banking aspect from the commercial banking operations. J.P Morgan and Co now operated as a commercial bank. Political influences run deeply in the money market thus the formation of many policies. After one year of not operating in the securities business, leaders at J.P Morgan decided to spin off its investment banking operations. J.P Morgan and Co in the 1950s had become a mid-size firm. They had the desire to grow; thus, they decided to merge with Guaranty Trust Company in 1959 later forming Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. The size of the firm grew four times. Morgan and the J.P Morgan employees were the core managers since he was considered the buyer.

In 1988, after establishing a bank holding firm called J.P Morgan and Co Inc., The firm began running using the name J.P Morgan and Co. J.P Morgan came together with other commercial banks and pushed the envelope of offering towards investment banking in 1989. In 1989, the Federal Reserve allowed J.P. Morgan to be the first profitable bank to guarantee a corporate debt-offering bank. They were able to rebuild their investment banking operations, and they emerged among the top five players in securities underwriting (Chernow, 2010).

In the late, 1990’s J.P Morgan was a large commercial and investment banking charter. It had made a strong name in debt and equity securities underwriting. By 1998, J.P Morgan with the aim of dominating had discussed the possibilities of a merger. They had a list of several banks that they would pair within the merger. The firm chose Chase Manhattan Bank was one of the largest and fastest growing commercial banks. The merger was done in 2000 it led to the improvement of its position in investment banking. After the merger, the name was changed to J.P Morgan Chase and Co.

This union led to JP Morgan chase becoming one of the largest banks in the United States. They offered services such as investment banking, commercial banking, commercial banking, asset management, retail banking, private equity and private banking. In 2011, JPMorgan Asset Management was ranked number two in Institutional Investor’s Hedge Fund 100 ranking, with $54.2 billion in possessions under management. JP Morgan Chase is the product of the union of a number of large United States corporations (Chernow, 2010) .

JP Morgan structure has made it easy for the firm to run its five bank subsidiaries. The firm’s activities are organized, making it easy for management reporting purposes. At the investment banking division, it is divided into teams, which are industry, M and A and Capital markets. The coordination of all these divisions is crucial for the firm to reap profits. It has opened several branches across the world where they provide corporate banking solution to clients in the areas of operation.

Controversies Facing JP Morgan
The firm has faced many controversies since its inception. In December 2002, Chase was fined 80 million dollars together with several other banks. The fines were part of settlement as it was alleged that Chase among other banks had deceived investors with biased research. The settlement required that financial institutions to detached shares banking from investigation and sanction any distribution of IPO shares (Chernow, 2010).

Chase also paid out in excess of 2 billion dollars in penalties and legal settlements. This was for their involvement in funding Enron Corporation that collapsed amid a financial scandal in 2001. In 2003, the firm had to pay 160 million dollars in penalties and forfeits to resolve assertions by the Securities and Exchange Commission together with Manhattan district attorney’s office. In 2005, Chase paid 2.2 billion dollars to fluster a lawsuit paraded by financiers in Enron.

In November, JP Morgan Chase and Co paid 722 million dollars settlement with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission to end the probe into sales of derivatives that almost led to Jefferson County in Alabama to the brim of bankruptcy. The Securities and Exchange Commission believed that JP Morgan Chase and Co had made payments that were undisclosed to close friends of the commission in exchange for a deal. Thus, Morgan got returns for the costs by charging higher interests rates on the swaps.

In January 2011, JP Morgan Chase acknowledged to erroneously overcharging military families for their mortgages. They had improperly foreclosed more than twelve military families. These acts went against the Service Members Civil Relief Act. That states for any active duty personnel they will have lower mortgage rates to six percent and prevents for closure proceeding of active duty personnel. Chase had to pay 27 million dollars as compensation to settle the class- action suit. They also apologized for the mistake and forgave loans of any active-duty personnel whose property was foreclosed. In April 2012, JP Morgan Chase and Co suffered a multibillion-dollar trading loss. These losses were related to the default swaps. This tragedy is going on until today. The firm is still losing lots of money as each day passes. The Federal Reserve, FBI and SEC are investigating these losses.

The Morgan House
A JP Morgan Chase and Co success depends tremendously on the principle of diversity. They believe that as the firm grows and thrives the workplace must grow with the changing demands of the client ad communities they serve. This creates an environment where ideas are easily shared and implemented among the workforce. They emphasize on disciplined, consistent, laser focus in the work place. They employ the best in the market. Through diversity, they help to increase market share by increasing the drive net income, and provide top notch service to clients this according to the firm’s website. With such standards, they gain an upper hand in the banking industries, as customers can easily trust them due to the service quality they provide.

As stated in the firm’s Business Principles, it is clear that creating a dominant group and a winning culture means encouragement a work atmosphere of respect and inclusion for all. Theirs is a culture whereby, individuals of any ethnicity, culture, nationality, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, physical ability are all given the same opportunity to shine based on their presentation and input to the firm. In simple terms, everyone in the firm understands that their collective diversity is their core point and leads to the most excellent solutions for our clients.

The business principles used in running JP Morgan Chase and Co have been applied and tested throughout the 200 years of existence of the firm. They have been able to do intensive research of what can be done to improve or add on to the existing work. Thus, they are able to come up with innovative ideas that the end user appreciates and sees key if they are served well. In their constitution, they mandate any individual who wants to join their workforce to be prepared and open-minded. The firm encourages individuals input in running of the firm (Chernow, 2010).
They run several businesses that are targeted for their consumers such as ATMs, telephones and online banking, credits services, home equity loans, merchant services among others. This consumer services are well researched upon, and the firm can understand what the customer wants.

These consumer and commercials banking services are run under the chase brand. The commercial banking businesses comprise Middle Market, Commercial Real Estate, Corporate Client Banking, Business Credit, Commercial Term Lending, Equipment Finance, and Community Development. Under the JP Morgan brand, they offer services such as asset management, one equity partners, investment bank, treasury services and private banking. Individuals who benefit from such services include corporations, governments, wealthy individuals and institutional investors. The services offered make it an excellent investment and banking services in the world, which has led to many governments and prominent individuals in the world using the firm (Chernow, 2010).

Governance of the firm
The firm has a built the tradition of integrity that they have confidence in governance provided by the Board of Directors. Governance in a firm is extremely vital. Since how a firm is run is reflected by the service quality, they have in the end. They have selected a diversified group of leaders with competences, independent and are well equipped to make decisions and carry out roles as the administrating body on behalf of the stakeholders. The Board of Directors uses the Boards Corporate Governance Principles, and The Charters of the Principle Committee to oversee the running of the firm. They have also adapted ways through which as the world evolves the governance principles are also changed to fit with the changing market world. The board is responsible for the overall management of JP Morgan Chase and Co.

Over the 200 years, they have been in existence JP Morgan has created a Code of Conduct that outline how employees and directors should carry themselves. The code of conduct is a compilation of rules and policy statements that are solely intended to help employees and directors in decision making in relation to the daily governnnance of the firm. The Code is founded on the company’s ultimate knowledge that nobody at JPMorgan Chase should ever forfeit integrity even if they believe it would help the firm’s business. They also have the code of ethics that aids in promoting honesty, ethical conduct and compliance with the law. However, the code of ethics cannot replace the code of conduct (Chernow, 2010).

It has government links that make it easy for the firm to penetrate into many European states. The firm was able to cease opportunity that presented itself. This is evident when the firm invested in war machinery during the world wars. They were able to profit with a large margin from the sale of weapons. During the mergers, they benefited as most of the times they were able to maintain their name after the merger.

The firm has a fifty-year-old tradition of collecting artwork from many well-known artists around the world. The audacious spirit that ignited its unique idea of “art at work” lights brightly. This is seen even to date the firm does the Collection of present’s works by renowned artists who are shaping the future by their innovation and creative vision. The assorted assortment of collected items from various countries in which the company does business matches the Collection’s focus on modern and contemporary work. The collection includes items like paintings, sculptures, works on paper and photography, exhibited for the advantage of employees as well as clients. They are used to show a sense of belonging and the targeted country fees appreciated by such gestures.

The firm is not left at the back when it comes to giving back to the society. J.P. Morgan is an honored sponsor of arts and culture organizations, non-profit activities, as well as sporting events worldwide. They have several sponsorship programs that they run which include J.P. Morgan Ben Ainslie Racing (BAR), Lord’s Cricket Ground, US Open Tennis Championships, London, Tournament of Champions – Squash, Australia,Art Gallery of New South Wales, and EMEA J.P. Morgan Cazenove Triathlon. They also donate to third world countries and give back to the society. Through such programs, the communities helped will feel cared for and wanted and thus in the end may also invest with the bank.

Conclusion
Many books have been written that explain how this multibillion-dollar company came into existence. JP Morgan being one of the oldest firms operating today can be a very good example for other banking companies. The firm has been able to with stand the downs of any banking business and emerge stronger than before. The firm has found its rooting and growth through merging with other firms to form a strong and more stable company. This explains why it is now known as JP Morgan Chase and Co (Chernow, 2010).

The firm has set a pace or guideline that other companies can borrow from them if they want success. During the controversial times of the firm, they were able to struggle their way through and emerge as winners. Although sometimes people may disagree with the ways they used to solve some conflicts in the end, they were able to clear the name. This firm is family dynasty, one of the explanations why the firm has been able to run for many years. The founder being Julius S Morgan the business has been bequethed on from one generation to the other. Thus, family values have been used in running the firm. All employees being rewarded for every good deed they do, adds motivation to employees.

A firm with written down business ethics and codes of conduct allows everyone involved to have some rules. These rules will govern them in all the decision they make on behalf of the company. The firm is involved in the political field this ensures that when policies are being created is made, and they will be able to influence the policy so that it does not affect them negatively. JP Morgan is a good example of a firm that has improved with age just like a fine wine.

References
Chernow, R. (2010). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of
Modern Finance. New York: Grove Press.

Biography on JP Morgan 9

A Report on Sidney Poitier’s Leadership

Introduction
This research paper outlines the prolific life of award winning actor, diplomat, writer, humanitarian, cultural icon and politician Sidney Poitier. In order to gain a fundamental understanding of the inspirational story of Sidney Poitier, it is essential to understand where he is coming from. Born to a semi- illiterate potato farmer in Bahamas, Sidney Poitier started his unlikely rise to popularity at a young age. His childhood was filled with delinquency. He served shortly in the United States army before embarking on his acting career. With little formal education, he then moved to New York as a teenager. It is in the United States that he first experienced racial chasm that divided the country, a great blow to a boy of African ancestry. At the American Negro Theatre, Poitier was forcefully rejected such that he spent the next 6 months overcoming performance ineptness and his accent. He was later identified in one of his rehearsals and given a minor role in “Lysistrata.”

It is in New York that Poitier appeared on stage and films with mainly supporting roles. He finally made his way into Hollywood in 1950 and was able to choose between the leading roles. He produced a number of movies portraying racial inequality that were daring for his time. For instance, released in 1961, “A raisin in the sun” illuminates on a story of a Chicago family of African origin and their struggles. His greatest breakthrough was in 1963 when he won his Oscar for in his role in Lilies of the Field. The success of the films was largely due to his presence as an actor. Later on in the 1970s Poitier began producing comedies like Ghost Dad (1990) and Stir Crazy (1980). After the 10 year absence, he later returned to acting appearing in Shoot to Kill (1988), Sneakers (1992) and One Man, One Vote (1997).  Apart from the Oscar, Sidney Poitier also received a Grammy Award for his book The Measure of a Man (Bio.com, 2012, para.3). The study on Sidney Poitier is significant because he rose above his poor background to succeed in the film industry. He is a true epitome of an inspirational leader.

Literature review
Aram Goudsouzian presents a full biography of the actor Sidney Poitier. In his work, the professor from University of Memphis analyses the career and life of the Hollywood legend. According to Goudsouzian, Mr. Poitier is a gifted actor, an intriguing personality, a notable success story and a political symbol. His career and life illuminate the American racial history. He gives the example of films such as “In the Heat of the Night, “Guess who’s coming to Dinner” and “Lilies of the Field” where Poitier’s screen persona substantially contradicted with the prevailing racial stereotypes. This explains why he was voted America’s favourite movie star in 1968. Through a thorough analysis of every movie by Poitier, Goudsouzian explains how Poitier as a character never displayed sexuality. It is because of this that he was a leading black man during the civil rights era. It is unfortunate that by the 1970s events changed and Poitier became the target of backlashes from critics of films. Despite the odds, Goudsouzian reaffirms that he remains one of the most favourite symbols of popular culture in America (Aram Goudsouzian, 2004, p.108).

Rotella et al sough to identify some of the contributions of Sydney Poitier to the film industry. They refer to him as the first black superstar but criticised his saintly, sexless image on the screen. They depict him as a leader who can handle both praise and condemnation. According to them, his story is one of rags to riches (Rotella, Sarah, Andriani, Scharf & Chenoweth, 2004, p.62).
Tierno (2004), on the other hand, analysed Sidney Poitier’s persona. According to Tierno, Poitier is not only an actor but also an activist on minority rights, social inequality and family values. Judging by his performance, he is a symbol of civil rights consciousness in the United States of America.

According to Tierno, Sidney moves from a humble beginning In the Bahamanian highland of Nassau to New York’s theatre then to the world’s most famous theatre: Hollywood. Using two movies In the heat of the night and Guess who’s coming to dinner, Tierno argues that Poitier embodies the hope and future aspirations of African Americans. This is demonstrated by his success as a movie star and the roles he played in these movies. His article also brings in the story of race relations in mid 20th century America. This attracted considerable criticism from the black power movement (Tierno, 2004, p.80).

PR Newswire of New York 2007 presents a list of distinguished achievers who left a mark in the world community. These individuals were honoured for their contribution by The 28th Annual Common Wealth Awards. Among these honourees is Sydney Poitier. Others include Kwasniewski, Mcewan and Roberts. During the ceremony, Poitier is referred to as a cinematic trailblazer and a role model for actors in dramatic arts. His struggle for equality opened doors for black actors and other generations in drama. According to common wealth, Poitier’s commanding performances broke down the racial barriers in Hollywood and other stereotypes while holding down to his artistic standards. This was a milestone for a black actor then. This is why Poitier also received his honorary Academy Award for extraordinary and influential work (PR Newswire, 2007, Para 10).

Application to the industry
The hospitality industry according to this research paper is loosely defined as a myriad of leisure activities including the film industry. The industry is not only an income generating venture but also a source of income. Sydney Poitier’s leadership qualities are demonstrated in the film industry. Throughout his career at Hollywood, he has struggled to increase the opportunities for African Americans in the film industry. He wanted the black people to be proud of themselves and to venture into the film industry. Actors and actresses are seen as leaders in their communities. They promote social, political and even environmental movements in their own countries. Sydney Poitier was central to revolutionary movements against racism in Hollywood. An overview of his career depicts how the film industry enabled him to rise to glory both nationally and internationally.

In the 1950s, Poitier created some of the most divisive movies at the time; “Cry, the Beloved Country,” “Blackboard Jungle,” and “The Defiant Ones.” He wanted to address racial inequality in post apartheid South Africa. In an era when the black population demonstrated for their rights as guaranteed by the United States constitution, Poitier was a popular symbol of racial democracy (Goudsouzian, 2004, Para.10). He played a crucial role in defying racial stereotyping and also pushing for the independence of other African states like South Africa. It is through his role in the film industry that he changed the politics of the country.

Sidney Poitier triumphed over racial prejudice and poverty to become one of the greatest men in Hollywood at a time when acting was the preserve of the whites. Even when he was given demeaning roles of an uneducated black man, Mr. Poitier he declined the offer since he valued equality for everyone. He chose to take up the role of a hero to counteract the negative stereotypes associated with black Americans in many films. Poitier deliberately chose those public positions and roles that negotiate the fight for dignity. In short, therefore, he stood up against racism in Hollywood. He embodies what a true leader and hero stands for. Good leaders have respect, courage and determination that helps them to succeed in life. His career is documented in the history of black American films where he is depicted as a powerful revolutionary character (Hamilton & Block, 2003, p.65).

In the late 1970s Mr. Sidney Poitier returned to Bahamas where he became a prominent supporter of the Independence movement. As a political activist, he valued the freedom of his people. Bahamas later became independent in 1973. It is his active participation in national politics that propelled him to diplomacy. In April 1997, Mr. Poitier was appointed as Ambassador of Bahamas to Japan in 1997, a position that he currently holds. Mr. Poitier is also Ambassador of Bahamas to United Nations cultural organization (UNESCO). Democracy is an extremely sensitive issue, but through a delicate balance between the film industry and activism, Sydney Poitier was able to inspire upcoming artists and to change the politics of African countries.

Discussion
This discussion is based on various aspects that demonstrate leadership of Sidney Poitier. Some of the notable aspects include Poitier is a gifted character, his fight against stereotypes and his display of charismatic leadership as discussed below;
As a gifted character
It is obvious that Sidney Poitier is more that merely a captivating entertainer. The artist has demonstrated exemplary leadership skills at the course of his career. He is also a humanitarian, a director, a writer and a diplomat. He managed to overcome all odds in American Negro Theatre at an era when ethnic relations in the US were tense, and civil rights movements were still a decade away.

He displays both a commanding and elegant personality as graced in motion pictures. Although he appeared as a fine character of American culture between the 1950s and 1960s, Poitier can be perceived as an ambassador of the long delayed civil rights movement in the United States. Although other actors and actresses of colour may have left a mark after him, his tenure had a more significant impact. He transformed his screen presence in order to change the culture of the film industry. In his first film “No Way Out” (1950), he pursued chains of events which set of his native country Bahamas from the British colonial rule. In 1951 for example, Poitier visited Africa with two revolutionary missions; a clergyman in as apartheid society, South Africa in “Cry, the Beloved Country” and “Something of Value” in 1957. Kenya later gained their independence from the British colonial rule in 1963. Poitier consciously took up the roles although they defied the traditional cultural set up. He is ranked as among the greatest screen legends to date.

Fighting stereotypes
As already mentioned, Poitier insisted on taking up inspiring roles. After his supporting roles, Poitier took up graceful, spirited and witty character traits. This subverted many stereotypes and set an extraordinarily powerful example to other ethnic and racial backgrounds and especially African Americans who could not fight for their privileges in the film industry. The numerous recognitions to his contribution did not target acting alone, but also his humane spirit. His legacy lives on long after Sidney Poitier retired from active participation in theatre and arts. His leadership qualities are evident even through his appointment as the Bahamian ambassador to Japan. He continues to stand as an icon of peace, defiance and dignity.

Poitier’s candid memoirs expose grinding poverty, but it is self respect that he credits for his success. Born and raised in a state which the black people were a majority, he refused to believe that his skin colour could limit his accomplishments. For instance, New York Times’ journalist Mason Clifford in 1968 accused Poitier of playing an “Uncle Tom” by portraying a non-threatening middle-class black. The journalist claimed that he did not take up more demanding roles in movies. Poitier aspired to be the finest actor he was regardless of his native accent although no meaningful roles were given to the blacks in film. His roles in his acting career introduced a new level of dignity for black actors and actresses.

Poitier’s role in “To Sir, with Love” (1967) and “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner” (1967) was a notable landmark in breaking down the social barriers between the whites and African Americans. Poitier’s talent, integrity, and inherent charisma placed him on an equal footing with other white stars of his days.
As a charismatic leader
Charismatic leadership is a term introduced by Weber (1947). It describes an extraordinary gifted, influential and highly esteemed leader. Most scholars argue that charismatic leaders are distinguished by certain behaviours and qualities. They are exemplary, visionary, unconventional and energetic (Harvey, 2001, p.253).

It is evident that Poitier had considerable influence in the hospitality industry. He is an admirable role model to anyone seeking to venture in the film industry. Through his character and fighting spirit, he challenged people from all races and, therefore, his charismatic leadership style cannot be underestimated. Even as, he left the hospitality and entertainment industry his international prestige allowed his native country Bahamas to call on him to take up the new role of representative and diplomat to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It is evident that Sidney Poitier is a beloved national treasure and a symbol of struggle for his countrymen. As a leader, Poitier effectively balanced seemingly conflicting desires and aims. Poitier later took up producing and directing chores in the 1970s and achieved immense success in both fields. Although Poitier might have reduced the frequency of his acting roles, he remains as one of the most treasured and admired figures in cinema of the 20th century. He is, therefore, a true leader in the entertainment industry.

Judging by his leadership role and style, there are lessons to learn from Sidney Poitier. First, Poitier had one philosophy of “saving the world,” according to this philosophy, people should learn to believe in themselves regardless of the racial background or socio-economic status. Poitier understood the kind of frustrations many black performers feel when he came up with this personal principle. It presents an enormous challenge and moral lesson to those who fear to stand up for their rights. Poitier himself battled against many false images in Hollywood and throughout his acting career.

Second, Sidney Poitier is among the most respected actors in Hollywood’s history. He has overcome many impediments in an unexpected period and is therefore, a role model to many due to his conviction, determination and bravery. In “Life Beyond Measure,” Poitier offers personal stories and inspirational advice through extended letters to his great granddaughter. Throughout his career, Poitier inspires young leaders to live lives full of honour and bravery. Lastly, the growth of the hospitality industry and precisely the film industry is often misunderstood and unappreciated. In the past, there was a distorted image about blacks and stereotyping. An examination of how Pioneer fought to reverse these negative stereotypes reveals valuable lessons about the hospitably industry. Respect does not come easily it is earned. Unlike other stars, Poitier established an enduring image that lead to a shift in racial politics. Apart from racism, he was also confronted by difficult choices like balancing racial taboos with romantic roles. Having a clear understanding of this may help to change ideologies that may inhibit the growth of this promising industry.

Conclusion
In conclusion, Sidney Poitier is remarkable for every reason. He delivered something that few blacks in Hollywood had been allowed to do during his tenure (Crouch, 2011, p.36). Being a gifted character, he demonstrated key leadership qualities through acting, writing, diplomacy and humanitarianism. This research paper has analysed the life and struggles of Sidney Poitier from a humble beginning in Bahamas and rise to a Hollywood star. A review of the literature indicates that many scholars admire Poitier’s contributing to equality through his educative movies. This is why PR Newswire admired him as one of the characters that have left a mark in the world together with Kwasniewski, Mcewan and Roberts. His personality was outstanding to many people making him a charismatic leader during his tenure. It is evident that Sidney Poitier has made an outstanding contribution to the hospitality industry. The film industry is not only a source of entertainment but has also helped to shape the politics of many nations.

He is one of the very esteemed African American actors that emerged from Hollywood. He is also the first man to win an academy award. He defined his career by taking up roles that best reflected his beliefs on human beings and society at large. Sidney Poitier has defied all odds including poverty, his cultural background and negative stereotypes to emerge as a gifted character, activist and charismatic leader. All these are the traits of a good leader. There are countless lessons that others can learn from this cultural icon, but the bottom line is that people should always learn to rise above their challenges. It is his determination that put Sidney Poitier in the limelight both in New York and Bahamas. Sidney may not have been a perfect man but what makes him an admirable leader is his determination and courage in the face of criticisms, judgement, oppression and judgment.

References

Aram Goudsouzian. (2004). Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon. (Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 108–11. 89. Ibid., p. 103.
Bio.com. Sidney Poitier Biography. Retrieved on October 13, 2012 from http://www.biography.com/people/sidney-poitier-9443345
Crouch, S. (2011). Comes a hero the fundamental principles of Sidney Poitier. Film Comment, 47(2), 34-37.
Frauenheim, E. (2008). Poitier’s dramatic, trailblazing career. Workforce Management, pp 4-4.
Goudsouzian, A. (2004). Sidney Poitier. Retrieved on October 12, 2012 from http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/377
Hamilton, M. J., & Block, E. S. (2003). Projecting ethnicity and race: An annotated bibliography of studies on imagery in American film. Westport, Conn : Praeger.
Harvey, A. (2001). A dramaturgical analysis of charismatic leader discourse. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 14(3), 253-265.
PR Newswire. (2007 Mar 23). Poitier, Kwasniewski, Roberts, Mcewan to receive the 28th annual common wealth awards; 2007 honourees are distinguished achievers who have made their mark in the world community.
Rotella, M., Sarah, F. G., Andriani, L., Scharf, M., & Chenoweth, E. (2004). SIDNEY POITIER: Man, actor, icon. Publishers Weekly, 251(3), 62-62.
Tierno, M. (2004). Sidney Poitier: Man, actor, icon. Library Journal, 129(4), 80-80

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